Medieval Warfare Magazine 2021-10-11 Vol.XI Iss.04.pdf

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IN THIS ISSUE:
WALLACHIA IS CAUGHT IN THE CROSSFIRE BETWEEN HUNGARY AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1436-76)
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Medieval Warfare
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IMPALER
The history behind a legend
THE WAR OF ST SABAS
Italian city-states fight for
hegemony in the Holy Land,
with Acre as the battleground.
HEREWARD'S REBELS
After the Norman Conquest
of England, small pockets of
resistance remained.
BATTLE GAMES
How horsemen throughout
Central Asia used sport as a
form of military training.
FIGHTING ARCHBISHOP
A man of the cloth from Cas-
tile, Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada
had some very secular pursuits.
7
Medieval Warfare
magazine
Editor-in-chief: Jasper Oorthuys
Editor: Peter Konieczny
Assistant editor: Alice Sullivan
Proofreader: Naomi Munts
Design & media: Christy Beall
Design © 2020 Karwansaray Publishers
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Contributors: Ruth R. Brown, Sidney E. Dean, Stephen
Donnachie, John France, Adrian Gheorghe, Chris Han-
son, Kyle C. Lincoln, Vicky McAlister, Randall Moffett,
Andrei Pogacias, Kay Smith, Albert Weber
Illustrators: Zvonimir Grbasic, Illya Kudryashov,
Andrei Nacu, Angel García Pinto, Marek Szysko
Print: Grafi Advies
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THEME:
THE IMPALER GOES TO WAR
Vlad III Tepes, better known as Dracula, used savage tactics to repel an
invasion of Ottoman forces under Mehmed the Conqueror.
18
The reign of Vlad II Dracul
Ruling Wallachia during a turbulent era
34
Vlad's sequel
The 1476 campaign in Serbia & Bosnia
22
A timeline of the Impaler
The life and times of Vlad III (1429-1476)
38
The postmedieval Dracula
From literature to film
24
Dracula against the Ottomans
The night attacks that made Vlad famous
58
Further reading
Books & articles on Vlad the Impaler
FEATURES
8
The War of St Sabas,
1256-1258
Venice, Genoa, and Pisa in the Levant
44
Equestrian games
Mock battles and skilled manoeuvres
12
Hereward and the Siege of Ely
Resistance after the Norman Conquest
50
Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada
A thirteenth-century archbishop at war
DEPARTMENTS
4
Marginalia
Opinions and medieval news
48
Rise of the modern historian
Constitutionalism versus war
16
From hobelars to archers
Fourteenth-century English militia, pt. II
54
Castles and defence
Part psychology, part appearance
42
Mons Meg and her sisters
Fifteenth-century wrought-iron cannons
12
36
THE SIEGE OF ELY
How a rebel named Hereward resisted
the Normans after the 1066 invasion.
MOCK BATTLES
Polo was one of several equestrian
sports originally used to train for battle.
Medieval Warfare XI-4
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CONTENTS
Marginalia
BY PETER KONIECZNY
Editorial
This particular issue of
Medieval Warfare
owes a lot to Alice Isabella Sullivan, our
Assistant Editor. As an expert in the medi-
eval history of the Balkans, Alice was well
versed in this issue’s theme: Vlad III of
Wallachia, better known as Dracula. She
was also able to put together a great team
of experts on this man and his era, which
allows us to give you a really strong set of
articles about Vlad, including his famous
night raid against an Ottoman army, as
well as his ultimate downfall. We imagine
that a lot of readers will know about the
fictional Dracula, but the real person, Vlad
the Impaler, certainly has a very interest-
ing story to tell.
The issue also takes you to eleventh-
century England to see the resistance against
the Norman conquerors, and to fields
throughout Asia, where medieval horsemen
played games that helped them prepare for
war. We also have an interesting profile on a
thirteenth-century archbishop in Castile, but
we begin with a war fought by Italian city-
states, but which took place far from Italy.
Peter Konieczny
Editor,
Medieval Warfare
The interior shows
early doors and pillars
which survived walls
being partially knocked
through in the eight-
eenth century, when
the medieval hermitage
became an aristocratic
party venue.
© Edmund Simons / Royal
Agricultural University
A cave fit for a king
A near-complete Anglo-Saxon dwelling and
oratory, believed to date from the early ninth
century, has been discovered in central Eng-
land by archaeologists from the Royal Agri-
cultural University and Wessex Archaeology.
Furthermore, the researchers suggest it may
have been the home to Eardwulf, a former
King of Northumbria.
The caves, which are located between
Foremark and Ingleby in South Derbyshire,
were cut out of the soft sandstone rock. They
have long been considered to be eighteenth-
century ‘follies’, but this new study, published
in the
Proceedings of the University of Bristol
Spelaeological Society,
demonstrates that these
caves likely date to the early medieval period.
“Our findings demonstrate that this odd lit-
tle rock-cut building in Derbyshire is more like-
ly from the ninth century,” explains Edmund
Simons, a research fellow at the Royal Agri-
cultural University and project member. “This
makes it probably the oldest intact domestic
interior in the UK – with doors, floor, roof, win-
dows, etc – and, what’s more, it may well have
been lived in by a king who became a saint!
“Using detailed measurements, a drone
survey, and a study of architectural details, it
was possible to reconstruct the original plan
of three rooms and easterly facing oratory, or
chapel, with three apses.”
These types of caves are often associated
with anonymous hermits or anchorites, but in
this case there is a legendary association be-
Early medieval sword pyramid discovered in England
Earlier this year. a metal detectorist scour-
ing the Breckland area of Norfolk made a
surprising discovery – a gold-and-garnet
sword pyramid dating back to the sixth or
seventh century.
Sword pyramids are small fasteners
used to keep a sword inside its scabbard.
This one is only 12 mm by 11.9 mm (0.4" by
0.4") in size, and it dates to about the years
560 to 630. Helen Geake, a liaison officer
with the Portable Antiquities Scheme, ex-
plained this piece “would have been owned
by somebody in the entourage of a great
lord or Anglo-Saxon king, and he would
have been a lord or thegn who might have
found his way into the history books”.
x
©
Norfolk County Council
Recently discovered in England,
this gold sword pyramid dates to
the sixth or seventh century AD.
4
Medieval Warfare XI-4
tween this site and Saint Hardulph. A fragment
of a sixteenth-century printed book states that
at “that time Saint Hardulph has a cell in a cliff
a little from the Trent”, and local folklore identi-
fies these caves as those occupied by Hardulph.
Modern scholarship identifies Hardulph
with King Eardwulf, who was deposed as king
of Northumbria in 806. Hardulph subsequently
visited Pope Leo III in Rome and Charlemagne’s
court in Nijmegen and spent the last years of
his life exiled in Mercia. He died in around
830 and was buried at Breedon on the Hill in
Leicestershire, just five miles from the caves. It
is believed that some of the surviving sculptures
in the village’s Church of St Mary and St Har-
dulph, which was founded as a monastery in
the seventh century, came from his shrine.
“The architectural similarities with
Saxon buildings, and the documented as-
sociation with Hardulph/Eardwulf, make a
convincing case that these caves were con-
structed, or enlarged, to house the exiled
king,” Edmund adds. “It was not unusual for
deposed or retired royalty to take up a reli-
gious life during this period." Living in a cave
as a hermit was one way to achieve this goal.
The exterior of the cave in South Derby-
shire, showing what is probably a Saxon
door and window.
© Edmund Simons / Royal Agricultural University
A reconstruction drawing of the
Suontaka grave: the individual found
buried inside may have had Klinefel-
ter Syndrome, which could explain
the mix of male and female grave
goods and clothing.
© Veronika Paschenko / University of Turku
A non-binary warrior?
In 1968, a sword with a bronze handle was
found at Suontaka Vesitorninmäki, Hattula,
Finland during a digging project for a wa-
ter pipe. The sword led to the discovery of a
grave that was almost a thousand years old,
and the grave has since become rather well-
known for the objects it contained.
The jewellery inside the grave indicates
that the buried individual was dressed in typi-
cal female clothing of the period. On the other
hand, the person was buried with a sword –
possibly two, according to some interpretations
– which is often associated with masculinity.
Over the decades, the Suontaka grave has been
considered to be either a double burial of both
a woman and a man, or alternatively, a weap-
on grave of a female, and therefore a proof of
strong female leaders or even female warriors
in early medieval Finland. However, a newly
published study challenges both views.
The study, published in the
European
Journal of Archaeology,
confirmed that only
one person had been buried in the grave, and
that the person was wearing typical feminine
clothes of the period and had a hiltless sword
placed on their left hip.
Medieval Warfare XI-4
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