Medieval Warfare Magazine 2021-06-07 Vol.XI Iss.02.pdf

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IN THIS ISSUE:
FIGHTING FOR THE FAITH FROM THE AMERICAS TO CHINA VIA THE MED AND ETHIOPIA (500-1600)
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Medieval Warfare
m a g azin e
VOLUME
11
, ISSUE
2
GOING INTO BATTLE
JUN / JUL 2021
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$12.50
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25274 80639
FOR THE DIVINE
Religious warfare in the medieval world
-
BATTLES OF KONODAI
Two battles in sixteenth-
century Japan that spanned
generations of generals.
JOHN NEVILLE AT WAR
Rise and fall of a nobleman in
the shadow of the 'Kingmaker'
during the Wars of the Roses.
OAKESHOTT SWORDS
The origins of and system
behind the famous typology
of late Medieval swords.
LEADERSHIP LESSONS
Learn how to be a military
leader by reading a book in
ten easy Byzantine lessons.
7
Medieval Warfare
magazine
Editor-in-chief: Jasper Oorthuys
Editor: Peter Konieczny
Proofreader: Naomi Munts
Image researcher: Alice Sullivan
Design & Media: Christy Beall
Design © 2020 Karwansaray Publishers
Contributors: Javier Albarrán, Alfred J. Andrea,
Alexander R. Brondarbit, Ruth R. Brown, Vicky
McAlister, Rana Mikati, Randall Moffett, Francesca
Petrizzo, Kay Smith, George Theotokis, Stephen
Turnbull, William E. Welsh
Illustrators: Rocío Espin, Zvonimir Grbasic, Illya
Kudryashov, Julia Lillo, Angel García Pinto, Marek
Szysko
Print: Grafi Advies
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THEME:
FIGHTING FOR THE DIVINE
How does religion get entangled with warfare? In this issue, we look at holy
wars across the Medieval world, from Mexico and Ethiopia to China and Sicily.
16
Fighting for the faith
Medieval holy wars around the world
34
Not a holy war
Religion in the Norman conquest of Sicily
26
Women's
jihad?
Female warriors in early Islam
40
How to carry out
jihad
Campaigning in medieval Iberia
28
Battle of the Field of Blood
"One misfortune often follows a worse"
58
Further reading
Books & articles on medieval holy wars
FEATURES
6
Fathers and sons at war
The two battles of Kōnodai
46
In the Kingmaker's shadow
John Neville, the Marquess Montagu
12
A good military leader
Perspectives from Byzantine manuals
DEPARTMENTS
4
Marginalia
Opinions and medieval news
52
The Norman knight
Charging an enemy in the eleventh century
44
The Oakeshott Typology
The X to XXII of medieval swords
54
Beyond the walls
What was around the tower house?
6
46
-
TWO BATTLES OF KONODAI
The battles fought by father and son
Satomi Yoshitaka and Satomi Yoshihiro.
THE STORY OF JOHN NEVILLE
The rise and fall of the Marquess Mon-
tagu during the Wars of the Roses.
Medieval Warfare XI-2
3
CONTENTS
Marginalia
BY PETER KONIECZNY
Editorial
This issue examines the topic of ‘Holy Wars’,
beginning with a piece from the highly-re-
garded historian Alfred J. Andrea. In recent
years he has been working on religion and
warfare from a world history perspective, and
his piece here is reflective of that, as he takes
us from Mexico to Ethiopia to China. This is
our magazine’s first venture into the Ameri-
cas, and I hope you enjoy the excursion.
The issue overall has a more global feel
to it, beginning with an article from Ste-
phen Turnbull as he recounts two battles in
sixteenth-century Japan. Please also check
out the fascinating article by Rana Mikati,
which deals with women who took part in
warfare during the early days of Islam in
seventh-century Arabia. There is certainly a
lot of variety in these pages, so whether you
are interested in the Wars of the Roses or
Byzantine leadership, there will be some-
thing you enjoy reading.
Peter Konieczny
Editor,
Medieval Warfare
New stamps commemorate the Wars of the Roses
The United Kingdom’s Royal Mail has revealed
a set of eight stamps on the important battles
of the Wars of the Roses. Illustrated by Graham
Turner, they are being issued to mark the 550th
anniversary of the Battle of Tewkesbury.
The other battles depicted in this series are
of Barnet, Bosworth, Edgecote Moor, North-
ampton, First Battle of St Albans, Towton,
and Wakefield. The Royal Mail also worked
Two of the new Wars
of the Roses postage
stamps, by British
artist Graham Turner.
These two represent
the battles of Bos-
worth and St. Albans.
© Royal Mail
with writer, historian, and researcher Dr David
Grummitt on the stamp issue.
“The Wars of the Roses fascinated both
Shakespeare and historians alike,” explains
David Gold, Director of Public Affairs and
Policy at the Royal Mail. “These striking illus-
trations bring to life a period of British history
that was steeped in drama, betrayal, and a
quest for power that still enthrals today.”
Mass graves from 1491 siege discovered
Two mass graves have been discovered in
the French town of Rennes, which have re-
vealed the remains of over thirty soldiers
that took part in a siege of the city from
1491. A study of these remains has revealed
details about these men.
The study, published in
PLOS ONE,
was
carried out by a multidisciplinary team of
researchers from INRAP, CNRS, the universi-
ties of Ottawa, Rennes 2, Toulouse III Paul
Sabatier and the Max Planck Institute. By
examining their bones, the researchers were
able to learn that they were relatively young
men who died from stab wounds.
Sulphur, strontium and oxygen isotopic
analyses were conducted to determine the geo-
graphical origin of these soldiers. The first mass
grave consisted of four men, three of which are
probably Breton in origin. The fourth person
was a nobleman who had family ties in Brit-
tany, but had grown up far from his birthplace.
The 28 subjects in the other pit belong to
the French camp, with most of these soldiers
coming from the north of the Paris Basin, the
Fragments from a pair
of tenth-century trou-
sers, that were recently
rediscovered in the
National Museum of
Denmark's collection.
© National Museum of
Denmark
Viking trousers
The remains of tenth-century trousers have
been rediscovered after being lost for more
than a century. Researchers working at the
National Museum of Denmark found that
item, along with other pieces of textiles.
The trousers were found in the Bjer-
ringhøj burial mound, Denmark, during
excavations in 1868. Rich grave goods
found with the burial suggest it was an
elite individual – perhaps even linked
to the royal Jelling dynasty that later
ruled over Denmark, England, and
Norway. Only fragments found near the an-
kle remain, but they show the individual was
wearing long trousers ending in padded cuffs
decorated with exquisite tablet-woven bands.
Further pieces of textile fragments attached
to the human remains were also found, provid-
ing new clues about the attire of Viking elites.
These items went missing sometime in the late
nineteenth century but were rediscovered by
the team of researchers from the Fashioning the
Viking Age project.The details are published in
the journal
Antiquity.
4
Medieval Warfare XI-2
Poitou region, the Rhône valley and the Alps.
Some individuals would have a more distant
geography, and would come from Castille,
Aragon, England and the German Holy Roman
Empire. The isotopic analysis of their diet sug-
gests the soldiers were of varied social status.
The 1491 siege of Rennes took place
as part of a war that started four years ear-
lier over who would be the next heir to the
Duchy of Brittany. It ended with the marriage
of Duchess Anne of Brittany, then 14, to
Charles VIII, King of France.
Remains of the victims that were
buried in mass graves after the 1491
Siege of Rennes in France.
© Rozenn Colleter / Inrap
Snail man and elephant matrix
Described as “quirky and unique”, a snail man
mount dating to AD 1200–1350 is one of the
discoveries from England that was reported to
the Portable Antiquities Scheme in 2020.
The mount depicts a figure emerging from
a snail shell on the back of a goat. The knight
wears a Norman-style helmet with a long-
sleeved tunic and has one leg lunging forwards,
suggesting the man is stepping out from the
shell. The figure’s hands are pressed together as
if in prayer, implying a religious connotation.
“This unusual silver-gilt mount may once
have been attached to a leather belt or strap, or
perhaps worn as a badge,” explains Beverley
Nenk, Later Medieval Collections Curator at
the British Museum. “The image of the praying
knight emerging from a snail shell atop a goat
implies an element of parody or satire. Snails
are often depicted in the margins of medieval
manuscripts and are thought to symbolise cow-
ardice, and this may be the intended mean-
ing. The mount may be a satirical reference to
cowardly or non-chivalric behaviour of op-
ponents in battle, or as a parody of the
upper or knightly classes.”
This seal matrix was recent
found near King's Lynn in ly
It shows a war elephant wNorfolk.
ith a
howdah on its back.
Another interesting discovery
made in 2020 was of a gold medi-
eval seal matrix, found near King’s
Lynn in Norfolk. Dating between
AD 1250 and 1350, it is engraved
with an elephant carrying a castle or
howdah on its back. Elephants appear in early
medieval art as a symbol of fidelity, gentleness,
great strength, and longevity, including Roman-
esque sculpture and Byzantine silks. The castle
reflects the animal’s close association with the
east, where Indians and Persians were said to
use such structures to fight from in battle.
“This gold counter-seal, or private seal,
would have been used to seal letters or docu-
ments, and demonstrated the wealth, status,
and education of its owner,” adds Beverley
Nenk. "Few people in medieval England would
have seen a live elephant."
The seal matrix also has an inscription,
which reads
x PARMAT EST · WEVEI · DRA
OBEST.
This likely means “armed with a shield,
the outlaw dragon is harmful”, which suggests a
mythic link between elephants and dragons – it
was said that a dragon is an elephant’s only foe.
Dated to 1200-1350, this
strange silver-gilt piece
of hardware depicts a
knight emerging from a
snail shell that is carried
on a goat's back.
© Portable Antiquities Scheme
Crusaders and Turks clash at the
Battle of the Field of Blood, also
known as Ager Sanguinis, which
took place on 28 June, 1119.
© Angel García Pinto
π
ON THE COVER
x
©
The Portable Antiquities Sc
heme
Medieval Warfare XI-2
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