1955_Marrazzi_150_3.pdf

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146
6.
Observations
on the
by photic
stimulation
Bethesda, Md.
SOCIETY
PROCEEDINGS
imbalance in the reciprocal relation between adren-
ergic
inhibition and
cholinergic
excitation
in the most
susceptible
cerebral
synapses might be
an
underlying
mechanism in mental disturbance.
8.
Correlations
of EEG and psychological
findings
during intensive
brief stimulus therapy.
-
W.
T.
LIBERSON,
J.
A. KAPLAN and 1. W. SCHERER,
Northampton,
Mass.
potential
fields generated
in man. -
ROBERT COHN,
By
means
of electrodes arrayed over
the occipital
regions of the head the
areal
extent
of
the potential
fields
generated
by photic flicker
are
plotted.
The
potential fields
vary
in
area
from
approximately
5
to 15 square
inches
over each cerebral hemisphere
The fields
are grossly
symmetric.
There
is
a
rough
parallelism between
the
area of photically generated
potentials
and
the
area of occipital alpha
frequency
activity.
Synchrony
of
electric
output of
the
pho-
tieally induced
potentials
generally
ranges
within
5
msec, The general
properties of the
photically gen-
erated]
and the alpha frequency,
potentials
are re-
markably
similar.
7.
Evoked cortical responses
under
the influence
of hallucinogens
and related drugs. -
AMEDEO
S. MARRAZZIand E. Ross HART, Army Chemical
Center, Md.
EEG (occipital alpha and frontal delta
plus
theta
pel' cent
times),
psychological
(psychometrics,
sen-
tence
completion
and
other
questionnaires)
and clin-
ical
(ward
rating
scales)
data were
collected
before,
during
and after 50
sessions of intensive brief
stim-
ulus
convulsive
therapy
in
a group of
8 chronic
paranoid
schizophrenics.
Treatment rate ranged
from
daily
treatments
to one
session
a week
at
different
periods
of
this series of
treatments.
Results.
1.
EEG abnormalities,
as
well
as
the
deficit
revealed by
the psychomotor
tests
and
the tests with
a brief
time
limit,
correlated
with treatment
rate.
There
was
some
residual abnormality
after
the
end
of the
series.
2.
No
deficit was
found
in
regard to
the
tests
without brief time
limit
(vocabulary,
memorization
of
a story and conceptualization)
until
a
second
period
of
daily
treatments;
then only
a slight defi-
ciency
appeared.
3. Favorable affective
changes
(loss
of hostility,
etc.) evaluated
by
three independent
judges persisted
dUl'ing the
entire
period
showing slight correlation
with the treatment rate.
4.
Favorable
clinical
changes in
all
spheres
ap-
peared
at
the
beginning
of the series.
Affective
changes
persisted
while delusional thinking
showed
signs of recurrence
later
in
the therapy.
Thus
a dissociation
has
emerged between
the
effects
of
this therapy upon non-differentiated
psy-
chophysiological
personality
characteristics
and
those
upon more highly differentiated
mental functions.
9.
Spontaneous
seizures and related EEG findings
following
shock therapy.
-
IRVING
J.
BLUMEN-
THAL, Northport,
L.I., N.Y.
Mescaline is
characterized
clinically by
the pro-
duction of marked visual
hallucinations
in man
and
disturbances
in
conduct
in the
cat. It
is
of
interest,
therefore,
that
adrenaline,
which is
closely related
chemically,
had been
shown
by
the
authors
to produce
cortical
synaptic
inhibition
in
the cat
and
that
this
effect
could be demonstrated
in the optic
pathways.
Evoking
responses
in
the optic cortex
through
the
transcallosal
pathway
by
stimulation
of the
sym-
metrical point
in
the contralateral
cortex
serves
as a
convenient
index of
synaptic
activity
and]
because
of volume
conductor properties,
the
electrical activity
recorded
at
the cortex
reflects
the inflow
and
corresponding
synaptic
response.
The
differential
changes
in
these are interpreted
as signs
of synaptic
actions,
which
were
most readily
elicited
by the
introduction
0:£
the drugs
in the common carotid
artery
ipsilateral
to
the recording
electrodes.
In
keeping with
the
structural
similarity
noted,
mes-
caline
produces the
same
type of change
01'
synaptic
inhibition
and
this
may underlie the
visual
hallucina-
tions
it produces.
Lysergic acid
diethylamide
(LSD
25), which
is
an
even
more
potent
hallucinatory
agent,
was
also
found to have the
same
effect in
minute
doses.
A chemical
link
between
LSD
25 and
adrenaline,
amphetamine
and
mescaline,
all
of which
can
produce mental disturbances
with
varying effec-
tiveness,
is
afforded by
adrenochrome
which
is derived
from adrenaline.
Like LSD 25
it
is
an
indole, though
chemically
much less
complex] and
like
LSD 25
it
has been claimed to
have
reproduced a
schizophrenic
syndrome
in
man.
Difficulties
in
obtaining
pure
material
have
prevented
us from
adequately
testing
adrenochrome,
but
tests with
serotonin, another
rel-
atively
simple
indole derivative naturally
present
in
the
brain, show
that it
also
produces
synaptic
inhibi-
tion in the visual cortex on intracarctid
injection]
and
in
fact does
so in
doses
of
1 to
2
gamma. This
shows
that serotonin
can successfully
traverse
the
blood-brain
barrier but does not
support
the notion
that
serotonin
could offset
LSD
25
induced psychoses
or that serotonin
deficiency
could
be the cause of
schizophrenia.
On the
other hand, the high potency
raises the question
of
the possible relation of this
substance,
occurring
naturally
in
the brain,
to neuro-
chemical
synaptic
inhibitory
mechanisms.
The
data
suggest
that
a disturbance
of
adrenergic
or related
cerebral
neurohumoral
mechanisms
is implicated
in
the
actions of
the hallucinogens
studied.
The resulting
Spontaneous
seizures
following
shock
therapy
constitute
a rare
complication.
The total number of
cases reported,
including
related
electroencephalo-
graphic
studies, is
quite small. After-fits
have been
postulated
to occur
only
in
cases with an
abnormal
pre-shock
electroencephalogram.
Histories,
including
EEG findings,
of 12
schi-
zophrenic male
veterans who experienced spontaneous
convulsions
following electro- and
insulin shock ther-
apy are presented.
Six patients had
no
available pre-
shock
EEGs. However, 5 had
normal tracings
prior
to treatment
at Northport
and
only
one
had
an
abnormal
record.
Following
onset
of spontaneous
seizures, 9
patients
had abnormal EEGs.
Psychomotor
and grand
mal
seizures
following
1ST
and
ECT
occurred in
one
patient
with
a
history
of intracranial
injury.
This
case
is
discussed
in rela-
tion to
an anterior
temporal focus found
on serial
electroencephalograms.
A table is
shown
indicating
the
pre- and post
shock electroencephalograms
of
each
patient;
type
amount
and
duration of
shock
therapy;
factors
con~
tributing
to
spontaneous
seizures
and
finally, type,
number and total duration of
such seizures.

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