HoSung Lee(auth.) - Thermal Design_ Heat Sinks, Thermoelectrics, Heat Pipes, Compact Heat Exchangers, and Solar Cells (2010)(1).pdf

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Thermal Design
Thermal Design: Heat Sinks, Thermoelectrics, Heat Pipes, Compact Heat Exchangers, and Solar Cells
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
HoSung Lee
Thermal Design
Heat Sinks, Thermoelectrics,
Heat Pipes, Compact Heat
Exchangers, and Solar Cells
HoSung Lee
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright c 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Lee, Ho Sung.
Thermal design : heat sinks, thermoelectrics, heat pipes, compact heat exchangers, and solar cells /
Ho Sung Lee.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-49662-6 (hardback); 978-0-470-94997-9 (ebk); 978-0-470-95160-6 (ebk);
978-0-470-95177-4 (ebk); 978-1-118-00468-5 (ebk); 978-111-8-00470-8 9 (ebk); 978-111-8-00471-5 (ebk)
1. Heat engineering– Materials. 2. Heat-transfer media. 3. Thermodynamics. 4. Thermoelectric apparatus
and appliances. I. Title.
TJ255.5.L44 2010
621.402 5–dc22
2010018381
ISBN: 978-0-470-49662-6
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
xv
1
Introduction
Introduction
1
Humans and Energy
1
Thermodynamics
2
1.3.1 Energy, Heat, and Work
2
1.3.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
2
1.3.3 Heat Engines, Refrigerators, and Heat Pumps
5
1.3.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
7
1.3.5 Carnot Cycle
7
1.4
Heat Transfer
11
1.4.1 Introduction
11
1.4.2 Conduction
12
1.4.3 Convection
15
1.4.3.1
Parallel Flow on an Isothermal Plate
15
1.4.3.2
A Cylinder in Cross Flow
18
1.4.3.3
Flow in Ducts
18
1.4.3.4
Free Convection
22
1.4.4 Radiation
25
1.4.4.1
Thermal Radiation
25
1.4.4.2
View Factor
29
1.4.4.3
Radiation Exchange between Diffuse-Gray Surfaces
References
32
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Heat Sinks
34
31
2.7
Longitudinal Fin of Rectangular Profile
34
Heat Transfer from Fin
36
Fin Effectiveness
37
Fin Efficiency
38
Corrected Profile Length
38
Optimizations
39
2.6.1 Constant Profile Area
A
p
39
2.6.2 Constant Heat Transfer from a Fin
41
2.6.3 Constant Fin Volume or Mass
42
Multiple Fin Array I
45
2.7.1 Free (Natural) Convection Cooling
45
2.7.1.1
Small Spacing Channel
45
v
vi
Contents
2.7.1.2 Large Spacing Channel
48
2.7.1.3 Optimum Fin Spacing
49
2.7.2 Forced Convection Cooling
49
2.7.2.1 Small Spacing Channel
49
2.7.2.2 Large Spacing Channel
51
2.8
Multiple Fin Array II
53
2.8.1 Natural (Free) Convection Cooling
55
2.9
Thermal Resistance and Overall Surface Efficiency
56
2.10 Fin Design with Thermal Radiation
80
2.10.1 Single Longitudinal Fin with Radiation
81
References
94
Problems
94
3
3.1
3.2
Thermoelectrics
100
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Introduction
100
Thermoelectric Effect
102
3.2.1 Seebeck Effect
102
3.2.2 Peltier Effect
103
3.2.3 Thomson Effect
103
3.2.4 Thomson (or Kelvin) Relationships
103
Thermoelement Couple (Thermocouple)
104
The Figure of Merit
104
Similar and Dissimilar Materials
105
3.5.1 Similar Materials
105
3.5.2 Dissimilar Materials
106
Thermoelectric Generator (TEG)
107
3.6.1 Similar and Dissimilar Materials
107
3.6.1.1 Similar Materials
107
3.6.1.2 Dissimilar Materials
108
3.6.2 Conversion Efficiency and Current
109
3.6.3 Maximum Conversion Efficiency
109
3.6.4 Maximum Power Efficiency
111
3.6.5 Maximum Performance Parameters
112
3.6.6 Multicouple Modules
115
Thermoelectric Coolers (TEC)
126
3.7.1 Similar and Dissimilar Materials
127
3.7.1.1 Similar Materials
127
3.7.1.2 Dissimilar Materials
128
3.7.2 The Coefficient of Performance
128
3.7.3 Optimum Current for the Maximum Cooling Rate
3.7.4 Maximum Performance Parameters
129
3.7.5 Optimum Current for the Maximum
COP
130
3.7.6 Generalized Charts
131
129

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