US Army electronics course - Infrared Calibration MM0487.pdf

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INFRARED CALIBRATION
Subcourse MM0487
Edition A
United States Army Combined Arms Support Command
Fort Lee, Virginia 23801-1809
16 CREDIT HOURS
REVIEWED: 2007
The military applications of infrared principles in the past few years have made possible the
development of several small, highly efficient weapons systems. The addition of weapons utilizing the
infrared principles into the Army inventory of weapons has greatly increased the first round hit
probability and firepower of individual soldiers, light armored vehicles and aircraft.
You can use infrared devices for weapon guidance, detection of enemy equipment and personnel,
navigation, recognition, aircraft proximity warning, and communications. You can use these principles
for either passive or active applications. The active method employs both infrared transmitter and
receiver equipment, whereas the passive method requires only receiver equipment.
That infrared systems work has been convincingly demonstrated, but they work well only when
properly maintained. The efficiency and reliability of any weapons system is dependent upon the
maintenance personnel and their test and measuring equipment used to service it. The Army
calibration personnel are responsible for the accuracy and serviceability of the test and measuring
equipment used to maintain the infrared system. A general knowledge of what infrared is and how it
works is required to properly calibrate and maintain your infrared standards.
This subcourse will provide you with principles of infrared and a working knowledge of the
characteristics and operation of infrared calibration standards as used to calibrate select secondary
transfer standards, secondary reference standards and TMDE.
This subcourse consists of six lessons and an examination organized as follows:
Lesson 1 - Introduction to Infrared Calibration
Lesson 2 - General Radiometer Test Set
Lesson 3 - Infrared Transfer Set
Lesson 4 - Infrared Reference Set
Lesson 5 - Irradiance and Light Meter Test Sets
Lesson 6 - Infrared Calibration
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Information and illustrations used to support the material in this subcourse were adopted from
numerous sources. Specific credit is given to the following publications:
TM 9-1400-425-35,
TM 9-4931-387-15,
TM 9-4931-388-15,
TB 9-4931-411-50,
TB 9-4931-454-50,
Manufacturer's Manual;
Maintenance Manual (REDEYE Air Defense Guided
Missile System)
Infrared Test Set 4931-895-3894 (Secondary Reference)
Infrared Text Set 4931-895-3886 (Secondary Reference)
Calibration Procedure for Infrared Test Set (Model 460-1)
Calibration Procedure for Radiometer, DBA Systems Model
302
Radiometer Model 302, DBA Systems, Inc.
SOLDIER'S TASKS
This subcourse supports the following MOS 35H tasks as identified in FM 9-35H-CM:
TASK NUMBER
093-435-3311
093-435-3312
093-435-3015
093-435-3711
TITLE
Calibrate Infrared Secondary Transfer Test Set
Calibrate Generalized Radiometer
Calibrate Light Meter
Repair Infrared Secondary Transfer Test Set
SUBCOURSE PHILOSOPHY
This subcourse is not intended as instruction in basic electronics. For example, when discussing a
Schmitt trigger or Darlington amplifier, it will be assumed the student knows how a Schmitt trigger or
Darlington amplifier operates. The subcourse is technically written only to the depth necessary to tie
the circuit to the overall operation of the instrument. Unusual circuits will be explained in greater
detail. When the equipment is covered in other correspondence subcourses, subcourse numbers will be
referenced and only a brief narrative will be used.
GENERAL INFORMATION
This subcourse consists of one or more lessons and an examination. Each of the lessons is divided into
two parts; the text and the lesson exercises. For one lesson subcourses the lesson exercises serve as the
examination. A heading at the beginning of each lesson gives the title, the hours of credit, and the
objectives of the lesson. The final examination consists of questions covering the entire subcourse.
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If a change sheet is included, be sure to post the changes before starting the subcourse.
THE TEXT
All the text material required for this subcourse is provided in the packet. The text is the information
you must study. Read this very carefully. You may keep the text.
THE LESSON EXERCISES
Following the text of each lesson are the lesson exercises. After you have studied the text of each
lesson, answer the lesson exercises. After you have answered all the questions, go back to the text and
check your answers. Remember your answers should be based on what is in the text and not on your
own experience or pinions. If there is a conflict, use the text in answering the question.
When you are satisfied with your answers, check them against the approved solution in back of this
text. Re-study those areas where you have given an incorrect answer by checking the reference given
after each answer.
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LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED CALIBRATION
Lesson Objective:
After studying this lesson you will be able to state the principles and
characteristics pertaining to infrared, radiometry, calibration standards,
devices, and technology by answering the exercise questions with no
mistakes.
Two
None
Credit Hours:
Materials Required:
1. Introduction
a. Many years ago the Air Force National Guard proved that infrared systems worked. They
shot down an Air Force bomber with a sidewinder missile. This missile used an infrared system to
locate, track, and hit its target. Today, various basic types of infrared systems are used in conjunction
with tactical weapons in military arsenals throughout the world.
b. Calibration technicians are required to calibrate infrared equipment. To calibrate and
maintain infrared equipment properly, you need a general knowledge of what infrared is and how it
works.
c. At the conclusion of this lesson you should be able to explain or state the principles of
infrared sources, blackbodies, graybodies, emissivity, planckian distribution, detectors, the effects of
various atmospheric conditions on infrared detectors, collection devices, infrared systems and some of
the uses of infrared.
2. General
a. Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation within the frequency range of
approximately 300,000 to 500,000,000 Megahertz (1000 microns to 0.75 micron in wavelength, where
1 micron is 1 x 10
-6
meters). The infrared spectrum lies between the lower extremity of the visible light
spectrum and the extremely high frequency microwave region. This rather wide spectrum is often
divided into three bands (regions) as follows:
Band*
Near infrared
Middle infrared
Far infrared
Wavelength in Microns(um)
0.72 to 1.5
1.5 to 5.6
5.6 to 1000
* These divisions are arbitrary and not absolute.
b. A characteristic of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum permits its waves to
be readily absorbed and converted into heat energy. Infrared radiations, however, are not heat waves. A
hot object, such as a lamp filament, emits infrared radiation because of its temperature. This radiant
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