DK - Philosophy - A Visual Encyclopedia.pdf

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Philosophy
a visual encyclopedia
Consultant
Will Buckingham
Written by
Dr Robert Fletcher, Dr Paola Romero,
Marianne Talbot, Nigel Warburton, Dr Amna Whiston
DK London
Senior Editors
Sam Atkinson, Pauline Savage
Senior Art Editors
Louise Dick, Jacqui Swan
Editor
Amanda Wyatt
Editorial Assistant
Zaina Budaly
Illustrators
Alejandro at KJA Artists, Eglé Kaˇdailyté and
z
Giordano Poloni at Agency Rush
Managing Editor
Lisa Gillespie
Managing Art Editor
Owen Peyton Jones
Production Editor
Robert Dunn
Senior Production Controller
Meskerem Berhane
Jacket Design Development Manager
Sophia MTT
Publisher
Andrew Macintyre
Associate Publishing Director
Liz Wheeler
Art Director
Karen Self
Publishing Director
Jonathan Metcalf
DK Delhi
Senior Editor
Shatarupa Chaudhuri
Senior Art Editor
Vikas Chauhan
Project Art Editor
Heena Sharma
Art Editors
Tanisha Mandal, Debjyoti Mukherjee
Illustrator
Sanya Jain
Assistant Editor
Sai Prasanna
Managing Editor
Kingshuk Ghoshal
Managing Art Editor
Govind Mittal
Picture Researcher
Geetika Bhandari
Picture Research Manager
Taiyaba Khatoon
DTP Designers
Nand Kishor Acharya, Anita Yadav
Pre-production Manager
Balwant Singh
Production Manager
Pankaj Sharma
Senior Jacket Designer
Suhita Dharamjit
First published in Great Britain in 2020 by
Dorling Kindersley Limited,
DK, One Embassy Gardens, 8 Viaduct Gardens,
London, SW11 7BW
Copyright © 2020 Dorling Kindersley Limited
A Penguin Random House Company
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001–316700–Nov/2020
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or
introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the
prior written permission of the copyright owner.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-0-2414-1299-2
Printed and bound in UAE
6
8
About this book
Philosophy through the ages
16 REALITY AND EXISTENCE
18
20
22
24
28
30
34
38
40
What is everything made of?
How is the world organized?
Aristotle
What is real?
Materialism versus idealism
What are space and time?
What am I?
What is the point of my existence?
Simone de Beauvoir
42 KNOWLEDGE
44
46
48
50
52
56
58
60
62
64
What can we know?
Scepticism
What is knowledge?
Plato
Where does knowledge come from?
John Locke
Rationalism versus empiricism
Are there limits to knowledge?
Immanuel Kant
Is knowledge always based on facts?
66 THE MIND
68
70
74
76
78
80
82
What is a mind?
How do the mind and the body interact?
René Descartes
Mind–body dualism versus physicalism
Ibn Sı na
ˉ ˉ
Can I know that you’re thinking?
Could a machine ever think?
For the curious
www.dk.com
Contents
84 LOGIC AND LANGUAGE
86
88
90
92
96
98
100
What is truth?
What makes a good argument?
What is a fallacy?
What is a paradox?
Is language logical?
Ludwig Wittgenstein
How is language used?
144 RELIGION
146
150
152
154
156
Does God exist?
Thomas Aquinas
What is the nature of God?
Why does evil exist?
Can reason and faith be united?
104 SCIENCE
106
108
110
112
116
118
Does science have a method?
Are scientific laws facts?
David Hume
How does science progress?
Is science objective?
Mary Warnock
158 SOCIETY
160
162
164
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
Why do societies form?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who should have power?
How should rulers behave?
Confucius
What is individual freedom?
How can societies be changed?
Karl Marx
How can we ensure equality?
Mary Wollstonecraft
Feminist philosophy
120 RIGHT AND WRONG
122
126
128
132
134
136
138
140
142
What is a good life?
Siddhartha Gautama
ˉ
What is a good act?
John Stuart Mill
Are moral values facts?
Do I have free will?
Determinism versus free will
Do moral values change?
Why is ethics relevant?
184 BEAUTY AND ART
186
190
194
196
198
202
208
What is beauty?
What is art?
Should art ever be censored?
Philosophers on beauty and art
Glossary
Index
Acknowledgments

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