FOR 40 - Ancient Greek Fortifications.pdf

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Ancient Greek

Fortifications

5 0 0 - 3 0 0 BC

First published in 2006 by Osprey Publishing

Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 OPH, UK

443 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016, USA

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ISBN I 84176 884 7

by a one-, two- or three-figure reference. If the work is a play or

poem, the figure reference indicates either'line', or'book' and

'line'.Thus 'Homer

(Odyssey

8.512)' refers to line 512 of the eighth

book of the

Odyssey.

Alternatively, if the work is a treatise, the

figure reference indicates 'book' and 'chapter', or'book','chapter'

and 'paragraph'.Thus'Strabo (13.1.32)' refers to paragraph 32 of

the first chapter of the 13th book of the only surviving work by

Strabo. When modern authors are referred to throughout the

text the Harvard system of referencing has been adopted.The

formula used is 'author','publication date' followed by page

number(s).Thus'Drews (1993: 106)' refers to page 106 of his

1993 publication, that is,

The end of the Bronze Age: Changes in

Warfare and the Catastrophe c.1200 BC.

Design: Ken Vail Graphic Design, Cambridge, UK

Cartography: Map Studio Ltd, Romsey, UK

Index by Alison Worthington

Originated by PPS-Grasmere, Leeds, UK

Printed in China through Bookbuilders

Abbreviations

FGrHist

Fornara

F.Jacoby,

Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker

(Berlin & Leiden, 1923-)

C . W Fornara,

Translated Documents of Greece and

Rome I: Archaic Times to the end of the Peloponnesian

War

(Cambridge, 1983)

P. Harding,

Translated Documents of Greece and Rome

2: From the end of the Peloponnesian War to the battle

oflpsus

(Cambridge, 1985)

Inscriptiones Graecae

(Berlin, 1923-)

F. G. Maier,

Griechische Mauerbauinschrifen I

(Heidelberg, 1959)

F. G. Maier,

Griechische Mauerbauinschrifen II

(Heidelberg, 1961)

M. N.Tod,A

Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions

vol. 2:403 BC to 323 BC

(Oxford, 1948)

06 07 08 09

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Harding

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The Fortress Study Group (FSG)

The object of the FSG is to advance the education of the public in

the study of all aspects of fortifications and their armaments,

especially works constructed to mount or resist artillery.The FSG

holds an annual conference in September over a long weekend

with visits and evening lectures, an annual tour abroad lasting

about eight days, and an annual Members' Day.

The FSG journal FORT is published annually, and its newsletter

Casemate is published three times a year. Membership is

international. For further details, please contact:

The Secretary, c/o 6 Lanark Place, London W 9 IBS, UK

www.ospreypublishing.com

Artist's note

Readers may care to note that the original paintings from which

the color plates in this book were prepared are available for

private sale. All reproduction copyright whatsoever is retained by

the Publishers.AII enquiries should be addressed to:

Brian Delf,

7 Burcot Park,

Burcot,

Abingdon,

O X I 4 3DH,

The Publishers regret that they can enter into no correspondence

upon this matter.

The Coast Defenses Study Group

(CDSG)

The Coast Defense Study Group (CDSG) is a non-profit

corporation formed to promote the study of coast defenses and

fortifications, primarily but not exclusively those of the United

States of America; their history, architecture, technology, and

strategic and tactical employment. Membership in the CDSG

includes four issues of the organization's two quarterly

publications the Coast Defense Journal and the CDSG

Newsletter. For more information about the CDSG please visit

www.cdsg.org,

or to join the CDSG write to:

The Coast Defense Study Group, Inc., 634 Silver Dawn Court,

Zionsville, IN 46077-9088 (Attn: Glen Williford)

Editor's note

When classical authors are referred to throughout the text the

standard form of reference has been adopted.The formula used is

'author','title' (if the author wrote more than one work) followed

Contents

Introduction

Chronology of major events

Building methods

Financing and labour • Planning • Building materials • Making bricks

Quarrying stone • Masonry styles • Lifting stones

Fortifications

Athens (Attica) • Gyphtokastro (Attica) • Mantineia (Arcadia)

Messene (Messenia) • Other fortifications

Nature of conflict and society

Agrarian city-state • Hoplite warfare

The sites at war

Siege of Plataia (429-427 BC) • Siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC)

Siege of Mantineia (385 BC)

The sites today

Useful contact information • Websites

Bibliography

Glossary

Index

Introduction

For the Greeks the characteristic form of political organization was that of the

city-state

(polis),

the small autonomous community with publicly funded

institutions, confined to one city and its hinterland. It was, as Aristotle so

neatly expressed it, 'an association of several villages that achieves almost

complete self-sufficiency'

(Politics

1252b8). No 'city' in the modern sense was

created, for the association established a new and overriding citizenship in

which the political independence of the ancestral villages was submerged

forever. For Aristotle man was 'by nature an animal of the

polis' (Politics

1253a9), being designed by his nature to realize his full potential through

living the good life within the framework of the

polis,

the key signifier of

civilization. Appropriately, Aristotle

(Politics

1275a5-8) defined the citizen

(politai)

as the man who shares in political judgement and rule.

As an agrarian-based society, the

polis

controlled and exploited a territory

(chord),

which was delimited geographically by mountains or sea, or by

proximity to another

polis.

The nearest and most powerful neighbour was the

natural enemy. Border wars were thus common, as were inter-polis agreements

and attempts to establish territorial rights over disputed areas. Autonomy was

jealously guarded, but the necessities of collaboration made for a proliferation

of foreign alliances, leagues of small communities, usually ethnically related,

and hegemonies. There was also constant interchange and competition

between

poleis,

so that despite their separate identities a common culture was

always maintained.

While the

polis

was defined in terms of its citizens (e.g. the Athenians not

Athens) rather than geographically or through bricks and marble, its

development was also a process of urbanization and the walled city, for instance,

is common in Homer. Undeniably the archaeological remains of Bronze Age

Greece reveal fortifications of great strength and complexity, as at Mycenae,

Tiryns and Gla, yet these Mycenaean citadels are the counterparts of medieval

castles rather than of walled cities. But when the residential fortress ceases to be

the citadel and becomes the city, fortifications now protect the citizen body and

not merely the ruler and his household. Greek

poleis,

to quote Winter, 'were

much more than fortresses, they were complete social, political and economic

units to a degree never achieved by their modern successors' (1971: xvi).

Raised and maintained by the state, the circuit, usually of sun-dried

mud-brick resting on a low rubble socle, was not very high or very strong. For

it did not yet need to be as

polis

conflict was decided by spear and shield,

though some attempt was made to give protection to city gateways. In

Anatolia, amongst the East Greeks, stronger fortifications are well attested by

the results of excavation, though at the turn of the 5th century BC these could

not defeat the siegecraft that the Persians had learned from the Assyrians. But

in Greece proper, city walls, simple as they were, sufficed for their purpose, and

would remain so until the technology of attack (mechanics) had caught up

with that of defence (construction) through the invention of the torsion-spring

catapult

(katapeltes,

'shield-piercer') by military engineers in the employ of

Philip II of Macedon.

Chronology of major events

499-479 BC, PERSIAN W A R S

4 9 9 - 4 9 4 BC Ionian Revolt

498 BC

498/497 BC

494 B C

491 BC

490 BC

486 BC

483/482 BC

480 BC

battle of Sepeia (Sparta triumphs over Argos);

Athenians and Eretrians burn Sardis

Persians retake Cyprus (fall of Palaipaphos)

battle of Lade (fall of Miletos)

Dareios I demands 'earth and water' from

Greeks; Gelon tyrant of Gela

Persians sack Naxos, Karystos, Eretria; battle of

Marathon; accession of Leonidas

accession of Xerxes

Persians dig Athos canal;Themistokles'

naval programme

Xerxes crosses Hellespont; battles of

Thermopylai (Leonidas killed), Artemision,

Salamis; Gelon defeats Carthaginians

at Himera

479 BC

battles of Plataia (Mardonios killed), Mykale

432 BC

440 BC

446 BC

447/446 B C

revolts in Boiotia, Euboia; battle of First

Koroneia (ends Athens' control of Boiotia),

secession of Megara

Spartan invasion of Attica; Perikles quashes

Euboian revolt

446/445 B C Thirty Years Peace

Samos rebels

440-432 BC, B E T W E E N T H E W A R S

439 BC

c.435 BC

434 BC

433 BC

Samos surrenders

Perikles' Black Sea expedition

Corcyra and Corinth clash

Athenian alliance with Corcyra; battle of

Sybota

433/432 B C Athenian alliances with Leontini, Rhegion

Potidaia rebels; conferences at Sparta and

ultimatum to Athens

432-421 B C , P E L O P O N N E S I A N W A R

479-460 BC, EMERGENCE OF IMPERIAL

ATHENS

479/478 BC

478 BC

Foundation of Delian League (anti-Persian)

City Walls of Athens begun; expeditions to

Byzantium, Sestos, Cyprus; Sparta leaves

Delian League

476/475 BC

474 BC

4 6 7 BC

c.466 BC

465 BC

expeditions to Eion, Skyros (bones

of Theseus')

Hieron of Syracuse defeats Etruscans at Kyme

fall of tyranny in Syracuse

Eurymedon campaign

Thasos quits Delian League

(Archidamian W a r )

431 B C

430 BC

429 BC

Thebes attacks Plataia; Sparta's first invasion of

Attica

Potidaia surrenders

Phormio's naval victories; plague in Athens

(Perikles dies)

429/427 BC siege of Plataia

428/427 BC

426 BC

425 BC

424 BC

422 BC

421 BC

Mytilene rebels

Sparta sends colony to Herakleia Trachinia;

Demosthenes' Aetolian campaign

Pylos campaign

battle of Delion; Brasidas' Thracian campaign

battle of Amphipolis (Brasidas and Kleon killed)

Peace of Nikias

461/460 BC Athenian alliance with Argos,Thessaly, Megara

460-440 BC, FIRST P E L O P O N N E S I A N W A R

460 BC

c.458 BC

458 BC

458/457 BC

454 BC

454/453 BC

Athenian expedition to Egypt

Long Walls of Athens begun

Saronic Gulf conflict (siege of Aigina); Athenian

victories in Megarid

battles of Tanagra, Oenophyta (Athens controls

Boiotia); Athenian alliance with Egesta

disaster for Athens in Nile Delta

Delian League treasury transferred from Delos

to Athens (metamorphosis of league to

empire complete)

453 BC

451 BC

449/448 B C

revolts of Erythrai, Miletos; first extant

Athenian Tribute List

five-year truce between Athens and Sparta,

Kimon campaigns (and dies) on Cyprus

Peace of Kallias (detente between Athens

and Persia)

413 BC

415 BC

414 BC

416 BC

418 BC

420 BC

421-413 B C , P E L O P O N N E S I A N W A R

(Phoney Peace)

Alkibiades' quadruple alliance between Athens,

Argos, Mantineia, Elis

battle of First Mantineia (opportunity to defeat

Sparta on land squandered)

Athenians sack Melos (Thucydides'

Melian

Dialogue)

Athenian expedition to Sicily

Gylippos sent to Syracuse; second expedition

under Demosthenes

loss of Athenian armada at Syracuse

413-404 BC, P E L O P O N N E S I A N W A R

(Ionian W a r )

413 BC

Spartans seize Dekeleia in Attica

(epiteichismos)

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