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Ch.6 - TCP/IP
1 Overview
2 History
3 Internet
4 Internet standards
5 Architectures and protocols
6 Traffic flow
7 The IP protocol
8 Functions of IP
9 Routing
10 Fragmenting
11 IP Header
12 Functions of TCP
13 TCP Connection
14 TCP Numbering
15 TCP Acknowledgment
16 TCP Window
17 TCP Ports
18 Functions of UDP
19 UDP Ports
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Ch.6 - TCP/IP
TCP/IP, which stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is the name of
two protocols but also the common name for a family of many hundreds of data-
communication protocols used to organise computers and data-communication equipment
into networks.
TCP/IP is also used on both global networks, like the Internet, and local area networks.
TCP/IP is an open communications architecture which is widely spread. There are
implementations of TCP/IP for most common types of computers.
TCP/IP was developed to interconnect hosts on ARPANET, which was the first
implementation of Internet. ARPANET has been retired, but TCP/IP lives on and is being
continuously developed with new standards.
TCP/IP is currently used on the Internet where it is used as a key technology. Popular
protocols in the TCP/IP family are SMTP, which stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,
FTP, which stands for the File Transfer Protocol, and TELNET Protocol which is used for
remote access.
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Ch.6 - TCP/IP
TCP/IP traces its origins to a research project funded by the United States DARPA, which
stands for Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency. This project resulted in an
experimental network in 1969 called the ARPANET. In 1975 ARPANET was put into
operation, after the experiment had proved to be a success. The protocol that was used was
called NCP, which stands for Network Control Protocol.
In 1979 development of a new protocol suite called TCP/IP started. Many ideas in the
TCP/IP protocol came from NCP.
In 1983, the new protocol suite called TCP/IP was adopted as a standard, and all hosts on
the ARPANET were required to use it.
In 1984 the ARPANET was divided into separate networks and the term Internet was used
instead of ARPANET.
In 1987 Internet was spread world wide.
Today the Internet Protocol is the bottleneck for future developments. A new version of
Internet Protocol called IPv6, which stand for IP version 6, is now being standardised. This
will give larger address space and support for multimedia applications with quality of
service.
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Ch.6 - TCP/IP
DARPA began their work around 1969. DARPA was well-known for their ideas about
secure packet-switched networks, and the result was the famous ARPANET in 1975.
Many researchers where involved in the ARPANET. 1979 DARPA formed a committee
called the Internet Control and Configuration Board, ICCB, which later become the Internet
Architecture Board, IAB. In 1983 the ARPANET was split into two separate networks, one
for research and one for military use. The research network was still called ARPANET and
the military part was called MILNET. At this time the TCP/IP architecture was founded and
used. At the same time router technology was developed and used to separate the different
networks.
Later on many high-schools and universities in the USA were connected to this network.
One example was MIT , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This was the beginning
of the Internet.
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Ch.6 - TCP/IP
In order to handle all the standards needed for the TCP/IP architecture and Internet
communication, there was a need for a standardisation organisation.
As an umbrella organisation for the standardisation, there is ISOC which stands for Internet
Society. IAB, the Internet Architecture Board, is below ISOC. IAB includes 16 members
from different companies or service providers. IAB is responsible for making standard
proposals into official standards. The standard proposals are called RFC, which stands for
Request For Comments. Today there are about 2200 different RFCs. Some of them are only
for historical use, some for experimental use and some for official use.
Below the IAB there are three well-known groups.
The first one is, IETF, the Internet Engineering Task Force, which includes different working
groups who test all protocols before they get the final standard status by the IAB.
The second one is IANA, the Internet Assignment Number Authority, which is responsible
for an RFC document called Assigned Numbers. This RFC assigns different numbers for
different protocols used in data communication.
The third one is IRTF, the Internet Research Task Force, which includes different research
groups that look into the future; what is going to happen with the Internet and the TCP/IP
architecture.
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