Osprey - Campaign 241 - The Fall of English France 1449–1453.pdf

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THE FALL OF
ENGLISH FRANCE
1449–53
DAVID NICOLLE
ILLUSTRATED BY GRAHAM TURNER
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
CAMPAIGN • 241
THE FALL OF
ENGLISH FRANCE
1449–53
DAVID NICOLLE
ILLUSTRATED BY GRAHAM TURNER
Series editor
Marcus Cowper
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
CONTENTS
ORIGINS OF THE CAMPAIGN
CHRONOLOGY
OPPOSING FORCES
The reformed French army of Charles VII
Morale and the rise of nationalism
English armies in the mid-15th century
5
8
10
OPPOSING COMMANDERS
French commanders
English commanders
17
THE FALL OF NORMANDY
The English invasion From the Grand-Vey to Formigny
The final collapse in Normandy
The battle of Formigny
22
THE FALL OF GASCONY
The battle of Castillon
The end of English Gascony
42
AFTERMATH
The impact on France
The impact on England
Postscript in Calais
84
THE BATTLEFIELDS TODAY
FURTHER READING
92
93
95
INDEX
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
The decline of English France: frontiers
c.1448
England and English-controlled territory at the start of 1449
Normandy and Gascony
Irish principalities under varying degrees of English control
Regions of southern Scotland under some degree of English control
French royal territory at the start of 1449
Major French feudal domains, excluding Burgundian domains
Burgundian territory within the Kingdom of France
SCOTLAND
Edinburgh
Glasgow
Burgundian territory within the Empire
Provençe ruled by a member of the French dynasty of Anjou
Territory regained by the French crown and Duchy of Burgundy, 1428–44
Maine handed over to French control, March 1448
Other countries
13
DENMARK
IRELAND
Dublin
Chester
York
Bremen
16a
Cork
WALES
ENGLAND
Bristol
Amsterdam
THE
EMPIRE
Cologne
24
London
16b 25a
14
15
8
Dieppe
7
BRABANT
FLANDERS
Calais
22
2
1
EVREUX
5
3
Paris
Reims
20
25b
19
4
NORMANDY
23
21
BRITTANY
MAINE
ANJOU
Nantes
English victory
French victory
Other battles
English naval movements
French campaigns
French naval movements
11
Metz
Strassburg
10
ALENÇON
Orléans
Tours
Dijon
BURGUNDY
(Duchy) (County)
Poitiers
9
Geneva
12
18
200 miles
Bordeaux
FRANCE
Limoges
17
Lyon
SAVOY
ANGOUMOÎS
PERIGORD
6
LIMOUSIN
DAUPHINÉ
0
0
200km
GASCONY
Toulouse
Bayonne
Avignon
PROVENÇE
Marseille
La Coruña
Oviedo
Bilbao
BÉARN
BIGORRE
ARAGON
COMMINGES
FOIX
NAVARRE
LÉON-CASTILE
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
ORIGINS OF THE CAMPAIGN
After a period of uneasy truce, the Hundred Years War flared up again early
in the 15th century with yet another English invasion of France, marked by
a crushing English victory at Agincourt in 1415, soon followed by the signing
of an Anglo-Burgundian alliance. In 1418 the Burgundians took control of
Paris and in 1420 the Treaty of Troyes recognized Henry V of England as
heir to the aged and mentally unstable Charles VI of France. Henry V then
married Catherine de Valois to unite the ruling houses of England and France.
On the face of it England had won the war, but Charles VI’s disinherited son,
the Dauphin Charles, refused to recognize the treaty and established a rival
court in the central French city of Bourges. This ‘Kingdom of Bourges’ was
financially and militarily weak but became the centre of an increasingly
effective resistance and, after Jeanne d’Arc had convinced the ex-dauphin,
now the self-declared King Charles VII, into having himself crowned in the
sacred city of Reims (see Campaign 94:
Orléans 1429,
Osprey Publishing
Ltd: Oxford, 2001), the balance gradually shifted in his favour.
Charles VI of France and Henry V of England both died in 1422, leaving
their theoretically joint Crown to the infant Henry, called the VI of England and
the II of France (though this title is not accepted by French historians).
The concept of two kingdoms coming together in such a personal union was
widely accepted in late medieval Europe, and many English historians still
1
French defeat English at Gerberoy, spring 1435.
2
Alliance between Charles VII and the Duke of Burgundy confirmed
at Arras, 1435.
3
English evacuate Paris, 1436.
4
English defeat French at Ry, 2 February 1436.
5
French retake Pontoise, 1441.
6
French threaten Gascony, 1441–42.
7
French retake Dieppe and an English attempt to retake it fails, 1443.
8
English army sails to Cherbourg from Portsmouth because French
taking of Dieppe makes eastern part of English Channel unsafe.
9
The Dauphin Louis campaigns against the Swiss in support of
Frederick of Hapsburg, 1444.
10
Charles VII and the Dauphin Louis campaign against
écorcheurs
in
Alsace and Lorraine, 1444.
11
Charles VII leads punitive expedition against Metz in support of the
Duke of Lorraine.
12
Major upgrading of fortifications at La Rochelle naval base,
1445–47.
13
English defeated by Scots in renewed hostilities, 1448–49.
14
Kentish rebellion led by Jack Cade reaches London but is crushed in
July 1449.
15
English reinforcements under Richard Woodville Lord Rivers sent to
Gascony, 1450.
16
Yorkist revolt in Ludlow (A) in February, stand-off between Yorkist
and Royalist forces at Dartford is ended by negotiation (B) in March,
1452.
17
Charles VII marches against Savoy, August 1452.
18
English army under Talbot, initially mustered to support Calais, sails
to retake Bordeaux from the French, September–October 1452.
19
Ships from Hull, King’s Lynn and Dover assemble at Fowey for
second expedition to Gascony, autumn and early winter 1452.
20
English fleet moves from Fowey to Plymouth, February 1453.
21
English army under John Viscount Lisle sails to support Talbot,
March 1453.
22
Duke of Burgundy defeats Ghent rebels at the battle of Gavere,
23 July 1453.
23
Charles VII assembles ships from Holland, Zealand, Flanders,
Brittany, Poitou and Spain at La Rochelle to support second French
siege of Bordeaux, summer 1453.
24
First battle of Barnet, 22 May 1455 (start of Wars of the Roses).
25
French fleet attacks Sandwich (A) and Fowey (B), nominally in
support of Lancastrians in the Wars of the Roses, 1457.
© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
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