Clendinning-PrinciplesUseOfSurveyingInstruments_text.pdf

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Principles
and
use
of
oo
Surveying
Instruments
>
PI
BLACKI
E
THIRD
EDITION
Principles
and
Use
of
Surveying
Instruments
by
J.
CLENDINNING
O.B.E.,
B.Sc.(Eng.)
Surveyor-General,
Gold
Coast,
1926-1938
and
J.
G.
OLLIVER
B.Sc.,
M.A.,
A.R.I.C.S.
Lecturer
in
Surveying
and
Geodesy
University
of
Oxford
London
•
BLACKIE
AND
SON
LIMITED
Glasgow
BLACKIE
&
SON
LIMITED
5
KITZIIARDINGF
STREET
LONDON
W.I
.
PREFACE
TO THE
FIRST
EDITION
one
of
two
compass
a
sound
grounding
This
volume
is
BISHOPBI
ri.i.s
in
which
it
is
intended
to
give
in
a
limited
OlAiOOW
in
those
parts
of
the
theory
and
practice
BLACKIE
A
SON
(INDIA)
LIMITED
103/5
FORT
STREET
-
of)
plane
surveying
that
are
most
commonly
used
by
Civil
Engineers
IOHU1
and
are
required
by
students
taking
the
examination
in
surveying
for
the
Associate
Membership
of
the
Institution
of
Civil
Engineers.
The
present
volume,
as
its
name
implies,
deals
with
the
Principles
and
Use
of
Surveying
Instruments,
while
the
second
volume
deals with the
J.
Clendinninx
and
J.
C.
Olliver
and
Practice
of Surveying.
The
two
volumes
together
offer
a
comprehensive
course
in
the
elements
of
ordinary
plane
surveying,
but
it
will
probably
be
a
convenience
to
many
to
have
the
parts
dealing
with
instruments
separate
from
those dealing
with
the
principles
and
Principles
First
published
1950
practice
of
the
text
to
the
main
it
is
subject.
Every
effort
has
been
made
to
limit
the
Second
Edition
1959
Third
anion
minimum
1969
and
in
so
doing
necessary
to
cover
the
syllabus
of
the
examination,
felt
that
the
ground
covered
is
in
fact
that
which
is
really essential to
HARRIS
COLLEGE
'
PRESTON
a
young
engineer
commencing
practice.
For
this
reason,
geodesy
has
been
excluded
as
being
outside
the
scope
of
the
books.
The
latter
therefore
do
not
claim
to
be
a
complete
treatise
on
surveying
but
are
to
be regarded
as
a
textbook
of
an
elementary
or
intermediate
standard of
difficulty.
In
the
present
volume,
a
good
deal of
space
has
been
given
to
instru-
Sab-^ft
as
mental
adjustments, as a
thorough
knowledge
of,
and
practice
in,
these
adjustments
is
a
most
necessary
accomplishment
for
any
surveyor.
For
the
student,
however,
no
amount
of
description
or
reading
is
an
adequate
substitute
for
the
actual
handling
of
instruments
and
he
is
strongly
advised
to
practice
the
adjustments
by
himself
whenever
he
gets
the
chance.
There
is
nothing
inherently
difficult
in
is
them,
and
no
special
dexterity
or
skill
with
hand
or
tool
required,
but
practice
gives
confidence,
accuracy
and
speed.
Once
the
adjustments
have
been
is
mastered,
the
actual
use
of
the
instruments
It
is
Standard
book
number
2I6.874S9.9
easy.
impossible
in
a
is
book
of
this
size
to
describe
in
detail
every
Dcwcy
classification
5262/9
survey
work,
but
the
ones
chosen
for
descrip-
tion
are
those
which
are
in
common
use
by
engineers
or are
typical
of
instrument
that
in
use
in
their
class.
In
conclusion,
Printed
in
I
should
like
to
express
my
thanks
to
Messrs.
Cooke,
Creal
Britain
by
Bell
and
Bain
Ltd.,
Glasgow
Troughton
Simms,
Ltd.;
Messrs.
E.
R.
Watts
&
Son,
Ltd.
(now
Messrs.
Hilger
and
Watts
Ltd.);
Messrs.
James
Chesterman
&
Co.
Ltd.;
&
vi
PREFACE
ass.stance
W
F.
Stanley
&
Co.,
Ltd.;
Messrs.
Hall
Bros.
(Optical)
Ltd
Manufacturi
"8
Co.,
Ltd,
Messrs.
Hopes'
BrTn
^
TIT™
Bros
(London),
Ltd.,
and
Messrs.
W.
Ottway
&
Co.,
Messrs.
m
allowing
me
to
use
certain
illustrations
logues,
as
noted
,n
the
for
phoTog^r
acknowledgment
under
each
,he
ioan
of
the
b,ocks
°
r
thc
J.
—
Ltd
for
rom
helcata
S
and
PREFACE
TO
THE
THIRD
EDITION
textbook
on
surveying
instruments,
an
attempt
has
been
made
to
reflect
most
of
the
changes
in
instrumentation
that
have
occurred
in
the
twenty
years
since
it
was
first
published.
These
changes
In
revising
this
illustration
5
i-i
CLENDINNING.
include
not
only
improvements
and
refinements
in
the
instruments
employed
in
established
surveying
techniques,
but
also
the
invention
and
development of
entirely
new
types
of
equipment,
principally
in
the
field
of
electromagnetic
distance
measurement.
One
consequence
of
the
advent
of
the
latter
is
a
change
in
the
relationship
between
the
user
and
his
instruments.
Whereas
formerly
the
survey
practitioner
could
be
expected
to
be
thoroughly
familiar
with
the
optical
and
mechanical
principles
upon
which
the design
of
his
instruments
was
based,
the
same
no
longer
applies
to
these
new
electronic
instruments.
However,
while
a
surveyor
may
not
understand
the
precise
function of
each
component
in
an
electronic
circuit,
there
is
no
reason
why
he
should
not
be
aware
of
the
general
physical
principles
by
which
the
instrument
operates,
and
the
factors
which
may
affect
his
measurements.
In
dealing
with
such
instruments,
this
is
the
approach adopted
in
this
book.
Detailed
accounts
of
the
operating
routines
for
individual
instruments
have
been
avoided,
for,
unless
the
instrument
to
which
they
refer
is
actually
present,
they
arc
valueless
in
any
case
they
can
always
be found
in
the
manufacturer's
handbook.
The
chapters
devoted
to
the
conventional
instruments,
such
as
theodo-
lites
and
levels,
have been
greatly
expanded,
while
descriptions
of
obsolete
instruments
have
been
eliminated.
The
chapter
on
optical
distance
measurement,
a
technique
unwarrantedly
neglected
in
Britain,
has
been completely
rewritten
with
emphasis
throughout
on
the
accuracy
attainable
by
the
different
methods.
The
section
on
altimetry
has
been
completely
revised
to
include
a
more
complete
account
of
the
physical
principles
involved,
and
there
is
a
new
section
devoted
to
the
gyro-
theodolite.
The
opportunity
has
also
been
taken
of
expressing
all
physical
quantities
in
the
Systemc
International
d'Unitds(SI
Units).
The
level
of
readership
for
which
this
book
is
intended
remains
broadly
the
same
as
that
proposed
by
the
late
Mr.
Clendinning
in
his
preface
to
the
first
edition.
However,
as
developments
in
instrument
technology
have been
paralleled
by
changes
in
the
pattern of
pro-
fessional
education,
it
is
hoped
that
this
book
may
prove
useful
not
only
;
SMI
PREFACE
to
students
working
for
the
examinations
of
the
Institution
of
Civil
Engineers
and
the
Royal
Institution
of
Chartered
Surveyors,
but
also
for
university
degrees
in
civil
engineering
and
land
surveying.
due
to
also
Chap.
I.
Thanks
to
for
providing
material
for
the
illustrations
are
again
first
CONTENTS
Page
the
organizations
mentioned
in
the
preface
to
the
edition,
and
Aga
(UK)
Ltd.;
Kelvin
Hughes;
Kern;
Mechanism
Ltd.;
Telluro-
meter
(UK)
Ltd.;
Wallace
and
Tiernan
Ltd.;
Wild
(Heerbrugg);
Carl
Zeiss
(Jena)
and
Zeiss
(Oberkochen).
;
INTRODUCTION
1
J.
G.
OLLIVER.
It.
INSTRUMENTS
FOR
STRAIGHT
LINES
1.
RANGING
AND
MEASURING
*»
Oxford,
Mav
1969.
Operations
involving
Ranging;
2.
Pegs
and
Ground
Marks;
3.
Ranging
Poles;
4.
Plumb
Bobs;
5.
Line
Ranger;
6.
The
Cross
Staff;
7.
The
Optical
Square;
8.
The
Prism
Square;
9.
The
Measuring
Tape.
The
Surveyor's
Chain
Adjustment
and
Care
of
Chain;
12.
Unrolling
and
Rolling-up
the
Chain;
13.
Using
the
Chain;
14.
Chaining
on
Sloping
Ground;
15.
Accuracy
of
Chain
Measurements.
10.
14
11.
General
Description;
The
Steel
Band
16.
General
Description;
17.
Adjustment
and
Care
of
Steel
Bands;
18.
Repair
of
Steel
Bands;
19.
Unrolling
and
Rolling
the
Band
20.
Surface
Chaining
with
the
Steel
Band
21
Accuracy
of
Surface
Chaining
with
the
Steel
Band;
22.
Catenary Chaining
with
the
Steel
Band;
23.
Accuracy
of
Catenary
Chaining.
;
;
.
22
Base
Measurement
Apparatus
24.
-31
The
Special
Problems
of
Accurate
Measurement;
25.
Use
of
Invar
for
Bands
and
Wires;
26.
Comparative
Advantages
of
Bands
and
Wires;
27.
Base-line
Measurements
along
the
Ground;
28.
Apparatus
in
Catenary
Measurements;
29.
Ten-
sioning
Apparatus;
30.
Accuracy
of Base
Measurement.
III.
INSTRUMENTS
FOR
MEASURING
DIRECTIONS
AND
39
ANGLES—
1.
Introduction.
The
Surveyor's
Compass
2.
--
-- --
--42
;
General
Description
4.
3.
Compass;
Using
the
Surveyor's
The
Adjustments
of
Compass.
the
Surveyor's
The
Prismatic
Compass
5.
49
Prismatic
Compass;
General
Description;
6.
Adjustments
of
the
7.
Using
the
Prismatic
Compass.
Trough
and
Tubular
Compasses
8.
52
Description
and
Use.
ix

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