Intensive course of Georgian.pdf

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M. Nikolaishvili
N. Bagration-Davitashvili
Georgian Language
(Intensive Course)
Tbilisi
2012
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УДК
809.463.1
N67
«
Грузи�½ский Язык»
(«Georgian Language»)
published in 1999. which is
recognised by the Ministry of Education of Georgia as a sound basic course text
book of the Georgian Language for the non-Georgian students.
The course includes all topics needed for everyday relations
and also gives an idea of the basic grammatical peculiarities of
the Georgian language. The book can be used as a self study
course as well.
Editor
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor
E. Babunashvili,
K. Gelashvili
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor
F. Uturgaidze,
Professor
T. Injia
Lydia West.
The present work represents the English version of
M.Nikolaishvili’s book
Reviewers:
Proof Reader:
Technical Editor: P. Korkia
All rights reserved.
©
M. Nikolaishvili, N. Bagration-Davitashvili
ISBN 978-9941-0-4539-4
BY THE AUTHOR
The present book represents a basic course of the Georgian language, with a
preface stating the general characteristics of the grammar of this language.
The book begins with the study of writing and reading. Then follow texts, that
encompass all the main topics of the language spoken in everyday life and are
intended for an exact knowledge of the spoken Georgian language.
There are ten topics in the book and each of them is divided into sections short
texts, composed of the most frequently used words, grammatical explanations, the
need of which may arise from the text. The explanations concern other forms of
individual words marked with an asterisk. Ibidem are exercises, lexical groups
connected with a topic, and at the end, a text that includes represented dialogues
on certain subjects. At the end of the book there are lexical-grammatical exercises for
each parts. All this as a whole comprises more than 2000 words.
A literal translation (l.t. abbreviation) is given in some cases in order to comprehend
better certain Georgian phrases.
You should familiarize yourself with the form of the word, understand the grammar,
repeat the text many times (at least 12) until you are able to repeat it at the same
tempo (speed) as the speaker.
Studies on one topic should last for two to three weeks.
CD should be heard every day. The lessons are recorded with musical effects
to give rise to cause certain emotional reaction.
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE
There are 33 sounds in the modern Georgian language: five vowels that in
pronunciation are exactly the same as there English equivalents and 28
consonants, with the some that are characteristic of only the Georgian language.
According to the method of formation they are divided into three groups:
sonorous solitaries;
fricatives pairs;
occlusives triples.
There are also specific consonant complexes, so called harmonious complexes
that are pronounced smoothly in the Georgian language. In the initial lessons,
consonants and harmonious complexes are emphasized to attract your attention
and to enable you to master them easily.
Georgian is a so called agglutinative language: grammatical (morphological)
categories are expressed by means of appropriate affixes (prefixes and suffixes)
and each affix has its function. Of course there are exceptions, such as, when
two grammatical categories are expressed by one affix.
There is no category of gender. There are seven cases: Nominative, Ergative,
Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Adverbial and Vocative. Case inflections are the
same in both the singular and plural forms, but in the plural suffixes forming
the plural are added to the stem, because a number of phonetical changes
(reduction and clipping) depend on them. Special attention should be paid to
the so called Ergative case, which has no equivalent in English or in any
IndoEuropean language. This case is used only for the expression of the subject
in the construction of active verbs in the past perfect tense and in its subjunctive.
In English there is no Adverbial case either, that is used for the expression of
secondary parts of a sentence.
As in all languages, pronouns have an original declension. Their forms should
be memorized.
The most difficult part of speech in Georgian is the verb in that it may be
mono-personal, bi-personal and tri-personal. Bipersonal and tripersonal verbs
are those with which two or three persons are connected by sense, but in contrast
to English, these persons may be marked in the verb by means of subjective and
objective person markers. Very often personal markers in verbs are lost because
of certain reasons. We have tried to outline and explain such cases. Thus, the
verb in the Georgian language is conjugated according to both the subjective
and objective person markers. When a verb changes according to a subjective
person marker, it belongs to the subjective version. When a verb changes
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according to an objective person markers, it belongs to the objective version.
The difficulty of the Georgian verb arises out of the fact, that many
morphological categories are simultaneously expressed in it by means of affixes.
Because of the difficulty of formation and also because of the function of
tenses and moods of the Georgian verb, there are only 6 tenses and moods:
present, past imperfect or past continuous, future, past perfect or past non-
continuous, II subjunctive and the I resulting are all represented in this book.
Georgian syntax is also distinguished by a number of peculiarities, namely:
the cases of a subject are the Nominative, the Ergative and the Dative. Direct
and indirect objects are similarly the main parts of a sentence as subject and
predicate. The direct object may occure in two cases the Nominative and the
Dative.
It should be mentioned, that some peculiarities of the Georgian language that
represent certain difficulties are interpreted by us with a slight difference than
is usual in traditional grammars. This is done in order to present as simply as
possible quite difficult Georgian grammar and ease the learning of the spoken
language for the non-Georgian representatives of different professions. If we
achieve this goal, we shall regard that we have achieved our objective with
success. But if some have a wish to learn the grammatical structure of the
Georgian language more deeply for such cases, there are many investigations
and manuals, the authors of which are well-known Georgian linguists. We
shall mention here only one of these books «Basics of Georgian language
Grammar», the author of which is the outstanding Georgian linguist,
academician Akaki Shanidze.
When somebody begins the study of a foreign language, he becomes certainly
interested in the people, speaking this language and also in its culture. We have
tried to satisfy this interest although not in depth.
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