data-visualization-2.1.pdf

(1991 KB) Pobierz
Data Visualization with ggplot2 : :
CHEAT SHEET
Basics
ggplot2 is
based on the grammar
of graphics,
the idea
that you can build every graph from the same
components: a data set, a coordinate
system,
and geoms—visual marks that represent data points.
F M A
Geoms
Use a geom function to represent data points, use the geom’s aesthetic properties to represent variables.


Each function returns a layer.
GRAPHICAL PRIMITIVES
a <- ggplot(economics, aes(date, unemploy))
b <- ggplot(seals, aes(x = long, y = lat))
a + geom_blank()

(Useful for expanding limits)
b + geom_curve(aes(yend
= lat + 1,

xend=long+1),curvature=1) - x, xend, y, yend,
alpha, angle, color, curvature, linetype, size
TWO VARIABLES
continuous x , continuous y


continuous bivariate distribution
h <- ggplot(diamonds, aes(carat, price))
h + geom_bin2d(binwidth
= c(0.25, 500))

x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size, weight
h + geom_density2d()

x, y, alpha, colour, group, linetype, size
h + geom_hex()

x, y, alpha, colour, fill, size


+
geom
x=F·y=A
=
coordinate
system
plot
e <- ggplot(mpg, aes(cty, hwy))
e + geom_label(aes(label
= cty), nudge_x = 1,
nudge_y = 1, check_overlap = TRUE) x, y, label,
alpha, angle, color, family, fontface, hjust,
lineheight, size, vjust
e + geom_jitter(height
= 2, width = 2)


x, y, alpha, color, fill, shape, size
e + geom_point(),
x, y, alpha, color, fill, shape,
size, stroke
e + geom_quantile(),
x, y, alpha, color, group,
linetype, size, weight

e + geom_rug(sides
= "bl"), x, y, alpha, color,
linetype, size
e + geom_smooth(method
= lm), x, y, alpha,
color, fill, group, linetype, size, weight
e + geom_text(aes(label
= cty), nudge_x = 1,
nudge_y = 1, check_overlap = TRUE), x, y, label,
alpha, angle, color, family, fontface, hjust,
lineheight, size, vjust
data
a + geom_path(lineend="butt",
linejoin="round",
linemitre=1)

x, y, alpha, color, group, linetype, size
a + geom_polygon(aes(group
= group))

x, y, alpha, color, fill, group, linetype, size
b + geom_rect(aes(xmin
= long, ymin=lat, xmax=
long + 1, ymax = lat + 1)) - xmax, xmin, ymax,
ymin, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size
To display values, map variables in the data to visual
properties of the geom (aesthetics) like
size, color,
and
x
and
y
locations.
F M A
continuous function
i <- ggplot(economics, aes(date, unemploy))
i + geom_area()

x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size
i + geom_line()

x, y, alpha, color, group, linetype, size
i + geom_step(direction = "hv")

x, y, alpha, color, group, linetype, size







+
geom
x=F·y=A
color = F
size = A
=
coordinate
system
plot
data
a + geom_ribbon(aes(ymin=unemploy
- 900,
ymax=unemploy + 900)) - x, ymax, ymin,
alpha, color, fill, group, linetype, size
Complete the template below to build a graph.
ggplot (data =
<DATA>
) +
<GEOM_FUNCTION>
(mapping = aes(
<MAPPINGS>
),
stat =
<STAT>
, position =
<POSITION>
) +
Not


<COORDINATE_FUNCTION>
+
<FACET_FUNCTION>
+
<SCALE_FUNCTION>
+
<THEME_FUNCTION>
required
common aesthetics: x, y, alpha, color, linetype, size
b + geom_abline(aes(intercept=0,
slope=1))
b + geom_hline(aes(yintercept
= lat))
b + geom_vline(aes(xintercept
= long))
b + geom_segment(aes(yend=lat+1,
xend=long+1))
b + geom_spoke(aes(angle
= 1:1155, radius = 1))
LINE SEGMENTS
visualizing error
discrete x , continuous y
f <- ggplot(mpg, aes(class, hwy))
f + geom_col(),
x, y, alpha, color, fill, group,
linetype, size
f + geom_boxplot(),
x, y, lower, middle, upper,
ymax, ymin, alpha, color, fill, group, linetype,
shape, size, weight
f + geom_dotplot(binaxis
= "y", stackdir =
"center"), x, y, alpha, color, fill, group
f + geom_violin(scale
= "area"), x, y, alpha, color,
fill, group, linetype, size, weight
df <- data.frame(grp = c("A", "B"), fit = 4:5, se = 1:2)
j <- ggplot(df, aes(grp, fit, ymin = fit-se, ymax = fit+se))
j + geom_crossbar(fatten
= 2)

x, y, ymax, ymin, alpha, color, fill, group, linetype,
size
j + geom_errorbar(),
x, ymax, ymin, alpha, color,
group, linetype, size, width (also
geom_errorbarh())
j + geom_linerange()

x, ymin, ymax, alpha, color, group, linetype, size
j + geom_pointrange()

x, y, ymin, ymax, alpha, color, fill, group, linetype,
shape, size
required,
sensible
defaults
supplied
c <- ggplot(mpg, aes(hwy)); c2 <- ggplot(mpg)
c + geom_area(stat = "bin")

x, y, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size
c + geom_density(kernel
= "gaussian")

x, y, alpha, color, fill, group, linetype, size, weight
c + geom_dotplot()


x, y, alpha, color, fill
c + geom_freqpoly()
x, y, alpha, color, group,
linetype, size
c + geom_histogram(binwidth
= 5) x, y, alpha,
color, fill, linetype, size, weight
c2 + geom_qq(aes(sample
= hwy)) x, y, alpha,
color, fill, linetype, size, weight
ONE VARIABLE continuous
ggplot(data
= mpg,
aes(x
= cty, y = hwy)) Begins a plot
that you finish by adding layers to. Add one geom
function per layer.


aesthetic mappings
data
geom
qplot(x
= cty, y = hwy, data = mpg, geom = “point")
Creates a complete plot with given data, geom, and
mappings. Supplies many useful defaults.
last_plot()
Returns the last plot
ggsave("plot.png", width = 5, height = 5)
Saves last plot
as 5’ x 5’ file named "plot.png" in working directory.
Matches file type to file extension.
maps
discrete x , discrete y
g <- ggplot(diamonds, aes(cut, color))
g + geom_count(),
x, y, alpha, color, fill, shape,
size, stroke
data <- data.frame(murder = USArrests$Murder,

state = tolower(rownames(USArrests)))

map <- map_data("state")

k <- ggplot(data, aes(fill = murder))
k + geom_map(aes(map_id
= state), map = map)
+ expand_limits(x
= map$long, y = map$lat),
map_id, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size
THREE VARIABLES
seals$z <- with(seals, sqrt(delta_long^2 + delta_lat^2)); l <- ggplot(seals, aes(long, lat))
l + geom_contour(aes(z = z))

l + geom_raster(aes(fill
= z), hjust=0.5, vjust=0.5,
interpolate=FALSE)

x, y, z, alpha, colour, group, linetype,


x, y, alpha, fill
size, weight
l + geom_tile(aes(fill
= z)), x, y, alpha, color, fill,
linetype, size, width
d <- ggplot(mpg, aes(fl))
d + geom_bar()


x, alpha, color, fill, linetype, size, weight
discrete
RStudio® is a trademark of RStudio, Inc. • CC BY SA RStudio • info@rstudio.com • 844-448-1212 • rstudio.com • Learn more at
http://ggplot2.tidyverse.org
• ggplot2 3.1.0 • Updated: 2018-12
Stats
fl cty cyl
An alternative way to build a layer
Scales
Scales
map data values to the visual values of an
aesthetic. To change a mapping, add a new scale.
(n <- d + geom_bar(aes(fill = fl)))
aesthetic prepackaged
scale-specific
scale_ to adjust
scale to use
arguments
n + scale_fill_manual(
values
= c("skyblue", "royalblue", "blue", “navy"),
limits
= c("d", "e", "p", "r"), breaks =c("d", "e", "p", “r"),
name
= "fuel", labels = c("D", "E", "P", "R"))
range of
title to use in
values to include legend/axis
in mapping
labels to use
in legend/axis
breaks to use in
legend/axis
Coordinate Systems
r <- d + geom_bar()
r + coord_cartesian(xlim
= c(0, 5))


xlim, ylim

The default cartesian coordinate system
r + coord_fixed(ratio
= 1/2)


ratio, xlim, ylim

Cartesian coordinates with fixed aspect ratio
between x and y units
r + coord_flip()


xlim, ylim

Flipped Cartesian coordinates
r + coord_polar(theta
= "x", direction=1
)


theta, start, direction

Polar coordinates
r + coord_trans(ytrans
= “sqrt")


xtrans, ytrans, limx, limy

Transformed cartesian coordinates. Set xtrans and
ytrans to the name of a window function.
60
Faceting
Facets divide a plot into


subplots based on the


values of one or more


discrete variables.
t <- ggplot(mpg, aes(cty, hwy)) + geom_point()
t + facet_grid(cols = vars(fl))

facet into columns based on fl
t + facet_grid(rows = vars(year))

facet into rows based on year
t + facet_grid(rows = vars(year), cols = vars(fl))

facet into both rows and columns
t + facet_wrap(vars(fl))

wrap facets into a rectangular layout
Set
scales
to let axis limits vary across facets
t + facet_grid(rows = vars(drv), cols = vars(fl),
scales = "free")

x and y axis limits adjust to individual facets

"free_x"
- x axis limits adjust

"free_y"
- y axis limits adjust
Set
labeller
to adjust facet labels
t + facet_grid(cols = vars(fl), labeller = label_both)
fl: c
fl: d
fl: e
fl: p
fl: r
A stat builds new variables to plot (e.g., count, prop).
x ..count..
data
stat
geom
+
x = x
·

y = ..count..
coordinate plot
system
=
Visualize a stat by changing the default stat of a geom
function,
geom_bar(stat="count")
or by using a stat
function,
stat_count(geom="bar"),
which calls a default
geom to make a layer (equivalent to a geom function).
Use
..name..
syntax to map stat variables to aesthetics.
geom to use
stat function
geommappings
GENERAL PURPOSE SCALES
Use with most aesthetics
scale_*_continuous()
- map cont’ values to visual ones
scale_*_discrete()
- map discrete values to visual ones
scale_*_identity()
- use data values
as
visual ones
scale_*_manual(values
= c()) - map discrete values to
manually chosen visual ones
scale_*_date(date_labels
= "%m/%d"), date_breaks = "2
weeks") - treat data values as dates.
scale_*_datetime()
- treat data x values as date times.
Use same arguments as scale_x_date(). See ?strptime for
label formats.
i + stat_density2d(aes(fill
= ..level..),
geom = "polygon")
variable created by stat
c + stat_bin(binwidth
= 1, origin = 10)

x, y
| ..count.., ..ncount.., ..density.., ..ndensity..
c + stat_count(width
= 1)
x, y,
| ..count.., ..prop..
c + stat_density(adjust
= 1, kernel = “gaussian")


x, y,
| ..count.., ..density.., ..scaled..
e + stat_bin_2d(bins
= 30, drop = T)

x, y, fill
| ..count.., ..density..
e + stat_bin_hex(bins=30) x, y, fill
| ..count.., ..density..
e + stat_density_2d(contour
= TRUE, n = 100)

x, y, color, size
| ..level..
e + stat_ellipse(level
= 0.95, segments = 51, type = "t")
l + stat_contour(aes(z
= z))
x, y, z, order
| ..level..
l + stat_summary_hex(aes(z
= z), bins = 30, fun = max)

x, y, z, fill
| ..value..
l + stat_summary_2d(aes(z
= z), bins = 30, fun = mean)

x, y, z, fill
| ..value..
f + stat_boxplot(coef
= 1.5)
x, y
| ..lower..,


..middle.., ..upper.., ..width.. , ..ymin.., ..ymax..
f + stat_ydensity(kernel
= "gaussian", scale = “area")
x, y
|
..density.., ..scaled.., ..count.., ..n.., ..violinwidth.., ..width..
e + stat_ecdf(n
= 40)
x, y
| ..x.., ..y..
e + stat_quantile(quantiles
= c(0.1, 0.9), formula = y ~
log(x), method = "rq")
x, y
| ..quantile..
e + stat_smooth(method
= "lm", formula = y ~ x, se=T,
level=0.95)
x, y
| ..se.., ..x.., ..y.., ..ymin.., ..ymax..
ggplot() + stat_function(aes(x
= -3:3), n = 99, fun =
dnorm, args = list(sd=0.5))
x
| ..x.., ..y..
e + stat_identity(na.rm
= TRUE)
ggplot() + stat_qq(aes(sample=1:100),
dist = qt,
dparam=list(df=5))
sample, x, y
| ..sample.., ..theoretical..
e + stat_sum() x, y, size
| ..n.., ..prop..
e + stat_summary(fun.data
= "mean_cl_boot")
h + stat_summary_bin(fun.y
= "mean", geom = "bar")
e + stat_unique()
long
π
+ coord_quickmap()
π
+ coord_map(projection
= "ortho",
orientation=c(41, -74, 0))projection, xlim, ylim
Map projections from the mapproj package
(mercator (default), azequalarea, lagrange, etc.)
lat
Position Adjustments
Position adjustments determine how to arrange geoms
that would otherwise occupy the same space.
s <- ggplot(mpg, aes(fl, fill = drv))
s + geom_bar(position = "dodge")

Arrange elements side by side
s + geom_bar(position = "fill")

Stack elements on top of one another,


normalize height
e + geom_point(position = "jitter")

Add random noise to X and Y position of each
element to avoid overplotting
e + geom_label(position = "nudge")

Nudge labels away from points

s + geom_bar(position = "stack")

Stack elements on top of one another
Each position adjustment can be recast as a function with
manual
width
and
height
arguments
s + geom_bar(position = position_dodge(width = 1))
X & Y LOCATION SCALES
Use with x or y aesthetics (x shown here)
scale_x_log10()
- Plot x on log10 scale
scale_x_reverse()
- Reverse direction of x axis
scale_x_sqrt()
- Plot x on square root scale
t + facet_grid(rows = vars(fl),
labeller = label_bquote(alpha
^ .(fl)))
c
↵
↵
p
↵
r
↵
e
↵
d
Labels
t + labs( x
= "New x axis label",
y
= "New y axis label",

title
="Add a title above the plot",


Use scale functions
subtitle
= "Add a subtitle below title",

to update legend
caption
= "Add a caption below plot",
labels
<aes>
<AES>
= "New <aes> legend title")
<AES>
t + annotate(geom
= "text", x = 8, y = 9, label = "A")
geom to place
manual values for geom’s aesthetics
COLOR AND FILL SCALES (DISCRETE)
n <- d + geom_bar(aes(fill
= fl))
n + scale_fill_brewer(palette
= "Blues")


For palette choices:
RColorBrewer::display.brewer.all()
n + scale_fill_grey(start
= 0.2, end = 0.8,


na.value = "red")
A
B
COLOR AND FILL SCALES (CONTINUOUS)
o <- c + geom_dotplot(aes(fill = ..x..))
o + scale_fill_distiller(palette
= "Blues")






o + scale_fill_gradient(low="red",
high="yellow")
o + scale_fill_gradient2(low="red",
high=“blue",
mid = "white", midpoint = 25)
o + scale_fill_gradientn(colours=topo.colors(6))
Also: rainbow(), heat.colors(), terrain.colors(),
cm.colors(), RColorBrewer::brewer.pal()
Legends
n + theme(legend.position
= "bottom")

Place legend at "bottom", "top", "left", or "right"
n + guides(fill
= "none")

Set legend type for each aesthetic: colorbar, legend, or
none (no legend)
n + scale_fill_discrete(name
= "Title",


labels = c("A", "B", "C", "D", "E"))

Set legend title and labels with a scale function.
Themes
r + theme_bw()

White background

with grid lines
r + theme_gray()

Grey background


(default theme)
r + theme_dark()

dark for contrast
r + theme_classic()
r + theme_light()
r + theme_linedraw()
r + theme_minimal()

Minimal themes
r + theme_void()

Empty theme
SHAPE AND SIZE SCALES
p <- e + geom_point(aes(shape = fl, size = cyl))
p + scale_shape() + scale_size()
p + scale_shape_manual(values
= c(3:7))
p + scale_radius(range
= c(1,6))
p + scale_size_area(max_size
= 6)
Zooming
Without clipping
(preferred)
t + coord_cartesian(

xlim = c(0, 100), ylim = c(10, 20))
With clipping
(removes unseen data points)
t + xlim(0,
100)
+ ylim(10,
20)
t + scale_x_continuous(limits
= c(0, 100))
+
scale_y_continuous(limits
= c(0, 100))
RStudio® is a trademark of RStudio, Inc. • CC BY SA RStudio • info@rstudio.com • 844-448-1212 • rstudio.com • Learn more at
http://ggplot2.tidyverse.org
• ggplot2 3.1.0 • Updated: 2018-12

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin