Machine-safety-guide.pdf

(3213 KB) Pobierz
Safe Machinery
Handbook
Contents
Introduction ........................................................4
Why safety? ........................................................6
Legal framework..............................................10
Risk assessment .............................................. 16
Safe design and safeguarding ....................22
Functional Safety ........................................... 30
Control system standards
including worked examples ........................ 38
Sources of information................................. 56
Annexes - architectures ............................... 58
2
3
Introduction
There are various guides to machinery safety
legislation which tend to present a distorted view of the
requirements of that legislation.
This handbook is an attempt to provide information that is up-to-date and unbiased
in order to help machine builders and users to provide workers with machines that
are safe, legal, and efficient. It is not intended as an exhaustive guide to compliance
with safety legislation, nor as a replacement for referring to the relevant standards
themselves; it is to guide you through the logical steps and to point you to the relevant
sources of information.
4
5
Why safety
As well as the moral obligation to avoid harming anyone,
there are laws that require machines to be safe, and sound
economic reasons for avoiding accidents.
Safety must be taken into account right from the design stage and must be kept in mind at
all stages in the life of a machine: design, manufacture, installation, adjustment, operation,
maintenance and eventual scrapping.
Design/manufacture
Installation
Adjustment/operation
Maintenance
New machines - the Machinery Directive
The Machinery Directive 98/37/EC is to compel manufacturers to guarantee a minimum safety
level for machineryand equipmentsold within the European Union.
From 29 December 2009 the new Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC will be effective.
Machines have to comply with the Essential Health and Safety Requirements (EHSRs) listed in
Annex I of the Directive, thus setting a common minimum level of protection across the EEA
(European Economic Area).
Machine manufacturers, or their authorised representatives within the EU, must ensure that the
machine is compliant, the Technical File can be made available to the enforcing authorities on
request, the CE marking is affixed, and a Declaration of Conformity has been signed, before
the machine may be placed on the market within the EU.
6
7
Existing machines – the Work Equipment Directive
The user has the obligations defined by the Use of Work Equipment directive 89/655/EEC
which can in the most cases be met by using machinery compliant with relevant standard.
It applies to the provision of all work equipment, including mobile and lifting equipment, in all
workplaces and work situations.
They require that all equipment is suitable for use, and is inspected and maintained as
necessary to ensure that it remains so.
The cost of accidents
Some of the costs are obvious, such as sick pay for injured
employees, whereas some costs are harder to identify. The Health
and Safety Executive in UK (HSE) give an example of an accident at
a drilling machine that resulted in costs to the business of £45 000
(~51 300
€)
(HSE INDG355). However this does not include some of
the less obvious costs, and some estimates amount to double that
figure. An accident analysed by Schneider Electric Ltd, the outcome
of which was a reversible head injury, cost the employer some £90
000 (~102 600
€),
of which only £37 000 (~42 200
€)
was insurable.
The full financial impact can include increase in insurance premiums,
lost production, lost customers and even loss of reputation.
Some risk reduction measures can actually increase productivity;
for example the use of light curtains to protect access points of
machines can allow easier access for loading and unloading; zoning
of isolation devices can allow parts of a machine to be shut down for
maintenance while other parts remain productive.
The regulations
apply to all
employers, the
self-employed,
and others who
have control of the
provision of work
equipment.
8
99

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin