Norman Friedman Submarine Design and Development.pdf

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Submarine
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
e
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
Norman Friedman
U
marine
CONWAY
Frontispiece: The second most numerous Soviet submarine class ever built (76 plus since 1958 and continuing), the diesel-powered 300ft conventional 'Foxtrot'
submarine of 1950/2400 tons (seen in 1973 or before) contrasted with USS
Michigan,
the second
Ohio
class nuclear-powered Trident ballistic missile sub-
marine; at 560ft oa and 16,000/18,700 tons the largest builtin the West.
Michigan
(SSBN 727) is seen under construction on the pier by her builders (Electric Boat
of Groton, Connecticut) on 7 April 1979, two years after being laid down and a year before launch. The separate heel behind the crane belongs to her sister boat
Georgia
laid down that day (4th in the class). The lead boat
Ohio
(SSBN 726) is in the water newly launched that day. Compare with the jacket photograph which
shows the launch of the
Los Angeles
class
Phoenix
on 8 December 1979. By late 1983 the US Navy had three Trident boats operational with seven more building
or on order. Britain is to order her first of four Trident boats in the second half of 1985, so by the 1990s, and long into the twenty-first century, Trident submarines
will be the principal bearers of the West's strategic nuclear deterrent.
US Navy
l~TI~
II
Contents
For my wife, Rhea.
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1
7
9
France and Italy
World War II 'Wolfpack' tactics
The U-boat war 1939-45
US Pacific War tactics
Chapter
4
43
43
48
51
53
Stealth - the Nature
of
Submarine Warfare
Chapter
2
17
The Fast Submarine
Walter's hydrogen peroxide U-boat
Walter's later U-boats
The snorkel
Doenitz and the Type XXI U-boat
Type XXI armament and tactics
British Type XXI imitations
Postwar Allied evaluations
USS
Tang
HMS
Porpoise
The French
Narval
US 'Guppy' conversion
Revision of ASW
'Bottom-Bounce' and 'Convergence zone'
sonar phenomena
US ASW submarine fleet plans
New US submarine sonar
US 1950 'Hunter killer' tactics
Chapter 5
53
54
56
56
57
58
58
61
61
63
64
66
67
67
69
69
71
Design Constraints and
Compromises
Diving depth and pressure hulls
Hull materials and forms
Conning towers and periscopes
Powerplants
c Norman Friedman 1984
First published in Great Britain in 1984 by
Conway Maritime Press Ltd, 24 Bride Lane,
Fleet Street, London EC4Y 8DR.
All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
the prior permission of the publisher.
ISBN 0 85177 2994
Designed by Dave Mills
Typesetting and page make-up by Witwell Ltd,
Liverpool
Printed and bound in Great Britain
by
Butler
&
Tanner Ltd, Frome
18
20
23
24
Chapter 3
27
The Era ofthe
Submersible 1900-1945
Before 1914
World War I
Submarine minelaying
Anti-submarine warfare
Between the wars: Britain
Between the wars: United States and
Japan
Japanese midget submarines
Japanese submarines in World War II
World War II U-boats
27
29
32
32
37
39
41
42
42
Postwar Development
in
the West
US radar pickets
Direct support of surface forces
US ASW submarines
US cruise missile submarines
Polaris
71
72
74
75
76
Silencing
Speed and ballistic missile submarines
Ballistic missile submarines and ASW
High underwater speed and the nuclear
submarine
Noise and nuclear reactors
The hull revolution
Deep diving and new hull materials
US sonar and attack boat development
British developments
The British nuclear deterrent
French nuclear development
U-boats since 1955
Chapter
6
76
79
79
80
81
82
82
83
83
88
89
90
93
Diving
Surfacing
Diving planes
Modern control systems
Escape and rescue
120
120
122
126
127
Chapter 12
171
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
No book of this type can
be
written without very considerable
assistance. I would like particularly to thank Dr Edward Whitman;
Charles Haberlein of the aval Historical Center; Dr Bruce Johnson
and Lt Cdr Michael Tracy of the US aval Academy; David K
Brown, David Andrews, and Bryan Pearson of the Royal Corps of
aval Constructors; Christopher C Wright; James T Westwood of E-
Systems (Melpar Division); Arthur D Baker III; Norman Polmar;
John Lewis; Paul Boyenga; David Isby; Jim Murphy; 'Ham'
Caldwell; Karl Lautenschlager; and Dr Thomas Hone. Collectively,
they caught many errors and suggested many improvements to the
original manuscript. The errors which remain are, of course, my own
responsibility. I am indebted to B Bruce-Briggs of the Hudson
Institute, who pointed out the close analogy between modern 'stealth'
concepts and submarine operations.
I am grateful to the staff of the US Navy Operational Archives for
much assistance with General Board and early postwar material, and
to the staff of the Navy Department Library and to Mildred Schneck,
the librarian of the Hudson Institute, for a sistance with open-source
materials. Many of the photographs, particularly of modern
submarines, were provided by the Photojournalism Branch of the
office of the Chief of Naval Information and by the US Naval Sea
Systems Command. My special thanks go to Ingenieurkontor Lubeck
(IKL), the current German submarine design film, and its founder
Prof Ulrich Gabler for providing a copy of the latter's book
Submarine
Design
(2nd edition, 1978) and allowing many of its excellent
submarine drawings to
be
reproduced here. Other contemporary
ubmarine builders who kindly provided illustrations are Vickers
Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd (W G Clouter, Public Relations
Manager), Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft AGofKiel, and Kockums
AB of Malmo (Sweden). F J IJsseling generously helped with Dutch
material.
I would like to thank my wife, Rhea, for her patience and, more
importantly, active support through a particularly complex and time-
consuming research and writing project.
The Submarine's Enemy -
ModernASW
US ASW strategy after 1945
Active and passive detection
Non-acoustic detection
Countering sonar
'Dead time' and 'warning time'
ASW homing torpedoes
Nuclear ASW weapons
Evasion tactics
Submarine air defence
Countering mines and underwater
detection
Chapter
13
171
173
173
175
176
177
178
178
179
181
181
Chapter
9
129
Propulsion-Conventional
and Nuclear
Closed-cycle engines
Fuel cells
Batteries
Nuclear reactors
Submarine noise and silencing
Diesel or nuclear?
Hull forms
Reduced 'sails' and streamlining
Chapter 10
130
132
133
134
Some Soviet Views
Tactics and communications
Silencing
Operations today
Economic factors
Nuclear accidents
Strategy
Stalin's submarines
After 1945
Peak strength - 1957
Khrushchev's nuclear revolution
First missile submarines
Cruise missile tactics
Early ballistic missile tactics
Nuclear attack submarines
'Alfa'
'Yankee'
'Victor'
Current building programme
Chapter 7
94
95
96
97
98
98
99
136
138
138
140
141
Future Possibilities
Appendix: Third World submarine
operations
Glossary
Index
188
189
190
100
101
101
103
104
104
105
105
106
106
106
107
Sensors and
Communications
Periscopes
Sound detectors
Sound behaviour under the sea
Sonar performance
Multi-target tracking
Towed arrays
Signal processing
World War II sonars
US and British sonars 1948 to date
Radio communications
Current communications systems
Chapter 11
141
142
144
145
147
147
149
151
151
152
154
155
Submarines in the
Third World
Chapter 8
115
Weapons and Tactics
Torpedoes
World War II torpedo tactics
Acoustic homing torpedoes
Torpedo fire control
Torpedo tubes
Torpedo stowage
Missile systems
Guns
157
159
160
161
162
164
Diving and Underwater
Manoeuvrability
Diving depth
Underwater control
Ballast tanks
Water densities
116
117
118
120
165
169

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