Toilets That Make Compost.pdf

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Toilets That Make Compost
Low-cost, sanitary toilets that produce
valuable compost for crops in an
African context
94
by
Peter Morgan
Toilets That Make Compost
Low-cost, sanitary toilets that
produce valuable compost for crops
in an African context
by
Peter Morgan
Aquamor: Harare, Zimbabwe
Stockholm Environment Institute
EcoSanRes Programme
2007
EcoSanRes Programme
Stockholm Environment Institute
Kräftriket 2B
10691 Stockholm
SWEDEN
Tel: +46 8 674 7070
Fax: +46 8 674 7020
Layout and Editing: Ian Caldwell
Research and Communications Manager: Arno Rosemarin
www.ecosanres.org, www.sei.se
Front Cover: The first low cost ecological sanitation project to be established in
Malawi: an
Arborloo
in Embangweni, Malawi built by the Church of Central Africa
(CCAP)
Back Cover: see Figure 3-21 and Figure 3-62 in text.
Photo Credits:
Figure 3-3 courtesy of Jim McGill, CCAP Malawi
Figure 3-63 courtesy of Mayling Simpson-Hebert
All other figures are courtesy of the author, with thanks to CCAP, COMWASH,
Partners in Development and WaterAid, all in Malawi, and Mvuramanzi Trust and
Kufunda Village in Zimbabwe.
Copyright 2007 by the Stockholm Environment Institute
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for
educational or non-profit purposes, without special permission from the copyright
holder(s) provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication
may be made for resale or other commercial purpose, without the written permission
of the copyright holder(s).
ISBN 978-9-197-60222-8
ii
Table of Contents
Table of Figures ____________________________________________________ v
Acknowledgements _________________________________________________ xi
1. Introduction______________________________________________________ 1
2. Compost-Making Toilets ___________________________________________ 2
2.1
Arborloo
- The simplest single pit compost toilet _________________ 3
2.2
Fossa alterna
- The double alternating pit compost toilet ___________ 3
3.
Arborloo
- The Single Pit Compost Toilet_______________________________ 6
3.1
How to build the single pit compost toilet _______________________ 7
3.2
How to make ring beams ___________________________________ 9
3.3
Building the toilet house (superstructure) ______________________ 18
3.4
Making an
Arborloo
fitted with a pedestal ______________________ 19
3.5
Types of superstructure ___________________________________ 22
3.6
How to use the single pit compost toilet _______________________ 24
3.7
Planting trees in a filled organic pit ___________________________ 24
3.8
Growing vegetables on
Arborloo
pits _________________________ 26
3.9
Making compost in small single shallow pits____________________ 27
4.
Fossa alterna
- The Double Pit Compost Toilet _________________________
4.1
Managing the double pit compost toilet _______________________
4.2
Examples of double pit composting toilets _____________________
4.3
Building the double pit compost toilet _________________________
4.4
Superstructures with rectangular slabs________________________
5. Low Cost Pedestals for Simple Pit Toilets _____________________________
5.1
Very low cost pedestal ____________________________________
5.2
Low cost pedestal with concrete seat _________________________
5.3
Low cost pedestal with plastic seat___________________________
29
29
30
31
35
39
39
40
41
6. Urine-Diverting Toilets ____________________________________________ 44
6.1
How to build a single vault urine-diverting toilet _________________ 45
6.2
Making the vault, step and lintel _____________________________ 46
6.3
The urine-diverting pedestal ________________________________ 47
6.4
Sequence of making a homemade urine-diverting pedestal with urine
outlet pipe above slab level_________________________________ 47
6.5
Making a simple urine-diverting platform ______________________ 53
iii

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