Computer_Program_Languages_Made_Simple.pdf

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Computer
Programming
Languages
Made Simple
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A com prehensive
course for self-study
and review by
Calvin A. Hofeditz
/
italic instruction
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COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES MADE SIMPLE
COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
MADE SIMPLE
Calvin A. Hofeditz
MADE
SIMPLE
C I TY.
BOOKS
INC.
Y O R K
D O U B L E DAY
G A R D E N
& COMPANY.
NEW
19
8
4
r '
QA7f).7.Hfti 1984
ISBN:
0-:*85-l8087-X
(,'opyngfit
Library of C ongress C ataloging in Publication Data
H ofeditz. Calvin A.
C o m p u te r program m ing languages m ade sim ple.
(M ade sim ple books)
Includes index.
1. P rogram m ing languages (Kleeironic com puters)
I. T itle. II. Series.
<)01.f>4'24
Library o f C ongress (Catalog C ard N um ber 82-45.‘J2f)
©
I9H4 by D oublcdm & ( '.ompauy. Inc.
A I.I. K K . i r i S RK SK RYK I)
P R IN T K l) IN T H K I M I KI) S T A T K S ( >h A.MKRK .\
I
Contents
Introduction
ix
ix
IX
Flowcharts
PSEUDOCODE
11
1
5
Why Learn to Program?
DECISION TA B LE S
T H E C O M P E T IT IO N W IL L USE T H E N E W TOOLS
T O O R G A N I Z E J O B S FO R T H E C O M P U T E R
TO U ND ERSTA N D T H E PRODUCTS O FFERED
D O -IT -Y O U R SE L F PROJECTS
X
X
ix
ix
15
Self-Test for Chapter
1
16
AS A H O B B Y A N D F OR E N T E R T A I N M E N T
A N D AS A P R O F E S S I O N
X
C hapter
2
C om ponents o f a Programm ing
Language
17
Phases o f Operation
17
The Statements Available in a Language
Syntax Diagrams
20
Coding Forms
21
Operators
22
A RITH M ETIC O PERATORS
R ELATION A L OPERATORS
Why Are There So Many Languages?
What You’ ll Find in Each Chapter
x
xi
I
18
C hapter
/
W hat Program m ing Is
The Purpose o f a Program
i
What Is Software?
i
Types o f Programs
2
Elements That Can Be Programmed
PROG RAM M IN G A PR INT ER
PROG RAM M IN G A KEYBOARD
PRO G RA M M IN G A DISPLAY
4
3
3
22
23
2
PROG RAM M IN G T H E STO RAG E U N IT S
PRO G R A M M IN G T H E C O M P U T E R ITSELF
4
4
How Data Is Organized
CODES A N D CH A RA CTE RS
FIELDS
6
6
6
7
7
7
TY PES O F FIELDS
RECORDS
F IL E S
Variables
23
Constants
23
Literals
24
A rrays
24
Functions
24
Expressions
25
Procedures
25
Control Structures and Structured Program­
ming
26
The Effect o f Limited Control Structures
Self-Test for Chapter
2
31
30
8
Planning a Data File
f ile siz e
8
A VOLUME
A CC ESS M E T H O D S
S E Q U E N T I A L A CC ES S
D IRECT ACCESS
C hapter
3
B A SIC
—
B eginner's All-purpose Sym ­
bolic Instruction Code
32
8
8
8
8
Introduction
32
What Does a B A S IC Program Look Like?
32
Choosing an Instruction Set for Explanation
34
Other Components o f the Language
35
Expressions in B A S IC
35
String Constants and String Variables
36
Numeric Constants and Numeric' Variables
36
A Note About Names
36
How Numeric and String Variables Are Used
36
Arithmetic Operators
37
Order o f Priority
37
Writing Expressions Using Arithmetic Operators 38
Relational Operators
38
Writing Expressions Using Relational Oper­
ators
38
I N D E X E D A CC ES S
8
The Need for a Data Base
9
Steps Involved in Preparing a Program
PROGRAM S P E C IF IC A T IO N S
9
PROGRAM D ESIGN
CO DIN G T H E PROGRAM
TESTING
10
10
9
9
9
RELEA SIN G T H E PROGRAM
T H E F I N I S H E D P R O G R A M A N D ITS D O C U M E N T A ­
TION
10
v

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