2022-01-01_National_Geographic_History.pdf

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FROM
THE EDITOR
The beautiful face
gracing our cover is one of the world’s
most iconic. When a German archaeologist first uncovered the work in 1912,
he was at a loss for words: “Description is useless, must be seen,” he wrote.
Today, those wishing to see the bust for themselves must visit the Neues
Museum in Berlin. For nearly a century Egypt has been fighting for the
Nefertiti bust’s return, claiming the artifact was looted; Germany maintains it
legally obtained the bust and has held on to it since 1913.
Debating ownership of history’s great objects is not new, but it has grown
louder as the world begins to reckon with the legacy of colonialism. Most
agree ancient treasures should be protected and studied, but cannot agree on
who should possess relics like the Parthenon’s marbles, the Ishtar Gate, the
Rosetta stone, and the Benin Bronzes (to name a few).
Easy answers in the repatriation debate are difficult to find. From the cultures
who created them to the circumstances of their discovery, their paths to
museum collections, and the tourism they generate today, each of these
objects need their full transparent histories told before anyone enters the fray.
Amy Briggs,
Executive Editor
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY
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VOL. 7 NO. 6
GRAVE BEAUTY
The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, houses
the tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and her
husband, the powerful Mughal emperor,
Shah Jahan.
Features
Departments
8
PROFILES
18
Stone Age Venuses
As Europe shivered through the Ice Age, artisans carved tiny figurines of
women. Initially dubbed “Venuses” by the scholars who uncovered them,
the artworks’ function is still being debated.
Ellen Craft and her husband’s
daring escape from slavery
happened in broad daylight, thanks to her
ability to disguise herself—as a white man.
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NATURAL HISTORY
32
The Power of Nefertiti
Great royal wife to the pharaoh Akhenaten, Nefertiti has long been
celebrated as a beauty icon, but today’s Egyptologists are exploring
another dimension of her life—her role as a powerbroker.
The humble catfish was revered
by Egypt’s earliest pharaohs, who
aligned themselves with this creature who
embodied survival, strength, and new life.
14
INVENTIONS
48
Battle of Thermopylae
On a summer morning in 480
b.c.,
an elite band of Spartans stood firm
before the mighty Persian army, enabling their allies to escape. All were
hacked down in an act of heroism that has echoed down the ages.
It took centuries for forks to
find their place at the table.
Medieval diners thought them pretentious, but
forks became common by the 19th century.
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WORK OF ART
62
Peru’s Royal Time Capsule
Inside an intact tomb at El Castillo de Huarmey,
Peru, archaeologists found a queenly burial
brimming with treasures from the mysterious
Wari empire that ruled 1,200 years ago.
Who wore the golden pectoral of
Monte Albán is hotly debated. Its
Mixtec iconography has led scholars to
differing identifications of its original owner.
92
DISCOVERIES
76
Romance of the Taj Mahal
Grieving his dear wife Mumtaz Mahal, Mughal ruler
Shah Jahan built her a magnificent white marble
mausoleum. Completed in the 1600s, India’s Taj
Mahal is one of the world’s most beloved sites.
SEATED WARI LORD.
CA 800 A.D., EL CASTILLO DE HUARMEY, PERU
Archaeologists flew an airplane over
1930s Iran to locate the source of
intricately crafted ancient bronzes. They
found it in Luristan where many more Iron
Age artifacts were unearthed.

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