2016 - Psilosopher - Principles of Alkaloid Extraction (4th Edition).pdf

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Principles of Acid-Base Alkaloid
Extractions in relation to N,N-
Dimethyltryptamine
4
th
Edition
By:
Bodhisativa
Psilosopher
Medicine Man
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Chemistry 101
1. The Theory of Acid-Base Reactions
2. The Theory of pH
3. Molarity
4. What is Polarity?
5. So what does this have to do with DMT?
3. Extraction Methodology
4. Afterword
5. References
1. Introduction:
Purpose for this guide
This guide is designed for novices who aren’t familiar with chemistry. There are many novices
who are
very interested in DMT, but often get caught up in the scientific jargon. This, hopefully, will resolve that.
This guide is NOT designed for novices who take shortcuts and are impatient to try the spice. This is
written with the intention that every reader will thoroughly read and reread in order to fully understand
the theory of acid-base extractions.
The secondary purpose for this guide is to provide a basic framework to conduct comparative assays on
various plant material for comparison of active alkaloid levels.
NOTE:
This guide isn’t meant to discourage novices from venturing into the world of extractions. The
materials used here are all labware. Labware was used to maintain proper scientific procedures for the
purpose of comparative analysis. Labware is not needed for extracting only. For guides on how to extract
DMT with readily available materials, please consult MAX ION Tek or Earthwalkers ACRB Tek.
Which procedure should I use?
There are 2 main extraction techniques utilised in the extraction of DMT. The acid-to-base extraction
(ATB) and the straight-to-base (STB) extraction. Both of these techniques rely on the precipitation of
freebase DMT within a solvent. However, in order to obtain freebase DMT, it must be extracted from the
plant material. DMT is soluble in acids, and so ATB is widely used. ATB is preferable to STB for only
one circumstance; the species of plant material used. Typically, ATB is preferred when using fat laden
plant species, such as Acacias. The DMT is located in the central vacuole of the plant cell, so in chemical
processing, we try to break apart all the plant structures. This is the reason for acid simmering steps that
last several hours. However, when you break apart the entire structure, it is inevitable that you will extract
some unwanted compounds, most common being fats and oils. These are harmless, but lower the purity of
the final product. In DMT extractions, we try to extract alkaloids only, and leaving behind all the plant
fats and oils. It is impossible to know the constituents of your product by the naked eye, but all successful
extractions have similar properties. In order to fully analyse your handiwork, it is recommended to run a
thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on the sample. The DMT Nexus has recently organised TLC kits for the
purpose of extraction analyses, which can be bought on the link below:
http://www.lunarlaboratories.com/
It is not necessary to analyse the product if it looks similar to other extracts, but it’s a technique that you
have at your disposal should you wish to pursue an active interest in the extraction techniques of plant-
based entheogens.
STB is typically used for not-so-fat-laden species, such as
Mimosa hostilis.
The procedure is exactly the
same as ATB, without the acid.
2. Chemistry 101:
2.1 The theory of acid-base reactions
It would be career suicide for a chemistry lecturer to talk about acids and bases without mentioning
Brønsted and Lowry. Brønsted and Lowry were two chemists who independently defined what an acid
and a base is. But before we go into the Brønsted-Lowry
definition, it’s better to understand the history of
defining
acids and bases. So first, we’ll discuss the Arrhenius definition. Svante Arrhenius was a Swedish
chemist, who
in the 1880’s described an acid as “A substance that produces H
+
ions in aqueous solution”,
and a base as “A substance that produces OH
-
in aqueous
solution”.
A practical explanation of this is HCl
(g)
. Notice the subscript with a “g”? That means the compound
is in a
gaseous state. HCl
(aq)
is hydrochloric acid and HCl
(g)
is hydrogen chloride. In gaseous form HCl, is a
covalent compound, i.e. it is not bound to anything else except itself. Once it enters the aqueous phase by
being dissolved in water, it forms ionic bonds with water molecules. Therefore, hydrochloric acid is an
ionic solution. However, when we say that “it” forms ionic bonds with
water, we refer to the H
+
ion only.
Cl
-
does not play a part in acids or bases.
H
+
binds to water to form an ionic compound called a hydronium ion. The chemical equation looks like
this:
H
+
+ H
2
O
H
3
O
+
Chemists often use H
+
and H
3
O
+
interchangeably. They both denote the same thing, which is an H
+
that
has been dissolved in water.
A little factoid here; an H
+
ion is just a proton. A hydrogen atom consists of 1 proton in the nucleus and 1
electron spinning around it. Once the atom loses the electron and becomes H
+
, it is left with only a proton.
So with this in mind, we’ll now move on to the currently accepted definition
of acids and bases, as
proposed by Brønsted
and Lowry. The Arrhenius definition isn’t wrong, per se, it’s
just that the Brønsted-
Lowry definition is more correct, if that makes sense.
The Brønsted-Lowry definition is focused on the transfer of H
+
ions rather than producing them. Since a
H
+
ion is a proton, Brønsted-Lowry defined an acid and base as this:
Acid:
A proton donor
Base:
A proton acceptor
You may ask, “how are the two definitions different?” For the purposes of DMT extraction, both are
correct. But for advanced chemistry, the Arrhenius definition becomes a bit confusing, mainly because
ammonia (NH
3
) acts as a base. This is why the Arrhenius definition doesn’t
hold up to the
Brønsted-
Lowry definition.
We won’t go into that, but if you’re interested, check out the acid-base
section of any
chemistry textbook.

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