Hackers by Steven Levy.pdf

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Hackers
Steven Levy
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Hackers
by Steven Levy
Copyright © 2010 Steven Levy. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North,
Sebastopol, CA 95472.
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Editor:
Mike Hendrickson
Production Editor:
Rachel Monaghan
Production Services:
Octal Publishing, Inc.
Copyeditor:
Amy Thomson
Printing History:
May 2010:
First Edition.
Indexer:
John Bickelhaupt
Cover Designers:
Monica Kamsvaag and
Edie Freedman
Interior Designer:
Ron Bilodeau
The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
Hackers
and
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products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this
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While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the
publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for
damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
ISBN: 978-1-449-38839-3
[SB]
Contents
CAMBRIDGE: The Fifties and Sixties
Preface
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
Who’s Who: The Wizards and Their Machines
. . . . . . . . . . .
xi
Part One. TRUE HACKERS
CAMBRIDGE: The Fifties and Sixties
Chapter 1
The Tech Model Railroad Club
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Chapter 2
The Hacker Ethic
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Chapter 3
Spacewar
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Chapter 4
Greenblatt and Gosper
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Chapter 5
The Midnight Computer Wiring Society
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
Chapter 6
Winners and Losers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
Chapter 7
Life
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
123
vi
Contents
Part Two. HARDWARE HACKERS
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA: The Seventies
Chapter 8
Revolt in 2100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
151
Chapter 9
Every Man a God
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
179
Chapter 10
The Homebrew Computer Club
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
201
Chapter 11
Tiny BASIC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
227
Chapter 12
Woz
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
249
Chapter 13
Secrets
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
275
Part Three. GAME HACKERS
THE SIERRAS: The Eighties
Chapter 14
The Wizard and the Princess
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
289
Chapter 15
The Brotherhood
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
313
Chapter 16
The Third Generation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
325
Chapter 17
Summer Camp
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
345
Chapter 18
Frogger
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
365
Contents
vii
Chapter 19
Applefest
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
389
Chapter 20
Wizard vs. Wizards
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
413
Part Four. THE LAST OF THE TRUE HACKERS
CAMBRIDGE: 1983
The Last of the True Hackers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Afterword: Ten Years After
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Afterword: 2010
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgments
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
437
455
463
479
485
Index
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
489

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