Computer Graphics - C Version, 2nd Edition.pdf

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Contents
PREFACE
xvii
1
A
Survey
of
Computer
Graphics
Computer-Aided Design
Presentation Graphics
Computer
Art
Entertainment
Education and Training
Visualization
Image Processing
Graphical User Interfaces
2-2
2
2-3
'I
2-4
l 3
2-5
18
21
25
32
3
4
2
2-1
Overview
of
Graphics
systems
VideoDisplayDevices
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
Raster-Scan Displays
Random-Scan Displays
Color CRT Monitors
Direct-View Storage Tubes
Flat-Panel Displays
Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices
35
2-6
36
2-7
37
40
41
42
4.5
45
49
Stereoscopic and Virtual-Reality
Systems
Raster-Scan System!;
Video Controller
Raster-Scan Display Processor
Random-Scan Systems
Graphics Monitors and Workstations
Input Devices
Keyboards
Mouse
Trackball and Spaceball
Joysticks
Data Glove
Digitizers
Image Scanners
Touch Panels
Light Pens
Voice Systems
Hard-Copy Devices
Graphics Software
Coordinate Representations
Graphics Functions
Software Standards
PHIGS Workstations
Summary
References
Exercises
vii
Contents
3
Outout Primitives
Points and Lines
Line-Drawing Algorithms
DDA Algorithm
Bresenham's Line Algorithm
Parallel Line Algorithms
Loading the Frame Buffer
Line Function
Circle-Generating Algorithms
Properties of Circles
Midpoint Circle Algorithm
Ellipse-Generating Algorithms
Properties of Ellipses
Midpoint Ellipse Algorithm
Other Curves
Conic Sections
Polynomials and Spline Curves
Parallel Curve Algorithms
Curve Functions
Pixel Addressing
and Object Geometry
Screen Grid Coordinates
Maintaining Geometric Properties
of Displayed Objects
Filled-Area Primitives
Scan-Line Polygon
Fill
Algorithm
Inside-Outside Tests
Scan-Line Fill of Curved Boundary
Areas
Boundary-Fill Algorithm
Flood-Fill
Algorithm
Fill-Area Functions
Cell Array
Character Generation
83
Summary
Applications
References
Exercises
Attributes
of
Output
Primitives
Line Attributes
Line
Type
Line Width
Pen and Brush Options
Line Color
Curve Attributes
Color and Grayscale Levels
Color Tables
Grayscale
Area-Fill Attributes
Fill Styles
Pattern Fill
Soft
Fill
Character Attributes
Text Attributes
Marker Attributes
Bundled Attributes
Bundled Line Attributes
Bundled Area-Fi Attributes
Bundled Text Attributes
Bundled Marker Attributes
Inquiry Functions
Antialiasing
Supersampling Straight Line
Segments
Pixel-Weighting Masks
143
Contents
Area Sampling Straight Line
Segments
Filtering Techniques
Pixel Phasing
Compensating for Line lntensity
Differences
Antialiasing Area Boundaries
Summary
References
Exercises
5-6
174
5-7
174
5-8
1
75
1
75
1
76
Aff
ine Transformations
208
208
210
212
21 3
213
Transformation Functions
Raster Methods for Transformations
Summary
References
Exercises
180
6
6-1
6-2
Two-Dimensional
Viewing
The Viewing Pipeline
Viewing Coordinate Reference Frame
Window-teviewport Coordinate
Transformation
Two-Dimensional Wewing Functions
Clipping Operations
Point Clipping
Line Clipping
Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping
Liang-Barsky Line Clipping
Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl Line Clipping
Line Clipping Using Nonrectangular
Clip Windows
Splitting Concave Polygons
Polygon Clipping
Sutherland-Hodgernan Polygon
Clipping
Weiler-Atherton Polygon Clipping
Other Polygon-Clipping Algorithms
Curve Clipping
Text Clipping
Exterior Clipping
Summary
References
Exercises
21
6
5
5-1
Two-Dimensional Geometric
Transformations
183
6-3
Basic Transformations
Translation
Rotation
Scaling
5-2 Matrix Representations
and Homogeneous Coordinates
5-3
Composite Transformations
Translations
Rotations
Scalings
General Pivot-Point Rotation
General Fixed-Point Scaling
General Scaling Directions
Concatenation Properties
General Composite Transformations
and Computational Efficiency
5-4 Other Transformations
Reflection
Shear
5-5
Transformations Between Coordinate
Systems
205
7
7-1
Structures
and
Hierarchical
Modeling
250
Structure Concepts
Basic Structure Functions
Setting Structure Attributes
Editing Structures
Structure Lists and the Element
Pointer
Setting the Edit Mode
Inserting Structure Elements
Replacing Structure Elements
Deleting Structure Elements
Labeling Structure Elements
Copying Elements from One Structure
to Another
Basic Modeling Concepts
Mode1 Representations
Symbol Hierarchies
Modeling Packages.
Hierarchical Modeling
with Structures
Local Coordinates and Modeling
Transformations
Modeling Transformations
Structure Hierarchies
Summary
References
Exercises
250
250
253
7-2
254
255
250
256
257
257
258
260
260
261
262
263
8-2
8-3
7-3
7-4
265
265
266
266
268
269
2
69
8-4
8-5
8
8-1
Graphical User
Interfaces
and
Interactive
lnput
Methods
271
The User Dialogue
Windows and Icons
Accommodating Multiple
Skill Levels
Consistency
Minimizing Memorization
Backup and Error Handling
Feed back
lnput
of
Graphical Data
Logical Classification of Input
Devices
Locator Devices
Stroke Devices
String Devices
Valuator Devices
Choice Devices
Pick Devices
lnput Functions
Input Modes
Request Mode
Locator and Stroke Input
in
Request Mode
String Input in Request Mode
Valuator Input in Request Mode
Choice lnput in Request Mode
Pick Input in Request Mode
Sample Mode
Event Mode
Concurrent Use of Input Modes
Initial Values for Input-Device
Parameters
lnteractive Picture-Construction
Techniques
Basic Positioning Methods
Constraints
Grids
Gravity Field
Rubber-Band Methods
Dragging
Painting and Drawing

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