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THE PROFESSIONAL JOURNAL OF THE U.S. ARMY
MARCH-APRIL 2021
Preserving the Commander’s
Legal Maneuver Space
Pede and Hayden, p6
The Third Rail We Cannot Ignore
Cavaleri and Knolton, p22
Leveraging Multi-Domain
Military Deception
Pikner, p81
Impact of Subordinate Feedback
in Officer Development
De Castro Pretelt, p124
THE PROFESSIONAL JOURNAL OF THE U.S. ARMY
March-April 2021, Vol. 101, No. 2
Professional Bulletin 100-21-03/04
Commander, USACAC; Commandant, CGSC; DCG for Combined Arms, TRADOC:
Lt. Gen. James E. Rainey, U.S. Army
Provost, Army University, CGSC: Brig. Gen. Donn H. Hill, U.S. Army
Director and Editor in Chief: Col. Jacob M. Brown, U.S. Army
Managing Editor: William M. Darley, Col., U.S. Army (Ret.)
Editorial Assistant: Chris Gardner
Operations Officer: Lt. Col. David B. Rousseau, U.S. Army
Senior Editor: Jeffrey Buczkowski, Lt. Col., U.S. Army (Ret.)
Writing and Editing: Beth Warrington; Allyson McNitt, PhD;
Crystal Bradshaw-Gonzalez, Contractor
Graphic Design: Arin Burgess
Webmasters: Michael Serravo; James Crandell, Kyle Davis, Dominic Graham—Contractors
Editorial Board Members: Rich Creed, Col., U.S. Army, (Ret.)—Director, Combined Arms
Doctrine Directorate; Dr. Lester W. Grau—Director of Research, Foreign Military Studies
Office; Col. Sam Saine—Director, Center for Army Profession and Leadership; Col. Christo-
pher J. Keller—Director, Center for Army Lessons Learned; Howard Brewington—Deputy
Director, MCCoE; Edward T. Bohnemann, Col., U.S. Army (Ret.)—Deputy, Combined
Arms Center-Training; Richard J. Dixon, Col., U.S. Army (Ret.)—Deputy Director, School of
Advanced Military Studies
Consulting Editors: Col. Ricardo Yoshiyuki Omaki—Brazilian Army, Portuguese Edition;
Maj. Zachary Griffiths, 10th Special Forces Group (Airborne), Special Operations;
Maj. Thomas Fox, International Affairs—Asian Affairs, USMA
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By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
Official:
Cover photo:
Soldiers, attached to Heavy Company, 3rd Squadron, 3rd
Armored Cavalry Regiment, take cover behind their vehicle 17 January
2008 as they hear small arms fire open up in the distance in Mosul, Iraq.
(Photo courtesy of the Defense Management Operations Center)
Next page:
A marine assigned to the Special Purpose Marine Air-
Ground Task Force-Crisis Response-Central Command 19.2, posts secu-
rity 23 April 2020 during a tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel
exercise on Karan Island, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Photo by Sgt. Kyle C.
Talbot, U.S. Marine Corps)
JAMES C. MCCONVILLE
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
KATHLEEN S. MILLER
Administrative Assistant
to the Secretary of the Army
2104802
A
U
P
2021 General William E. DePuy
Special Topics
Writing Competition
This year’s theme: “Contiguous and noncontiguous operations: pivoting to U.S.
Indo-Pacific Command—the Army’s role in protecting interests against adversaries
who can contest the U.S. joint force in all domains.”
Articles will be comparatively judged by a panel of senior Army leaders on how well they have clearly identified issues
requiring solutions relevant to the Army in general or to a significant portion of the Army; how effectively detailed
and feasible the solutions to the identified problem are; and the level of writing excellence achieved. Writing must be
logically developed and well organized, demonstrate professional-level grammar and usage, provide original insights,
and be thoroughly researched as manifest in pertinent sources.
Contest opens 1 January 2021 and closes 12 July 2021
1st Place
2nd Place
3rd Place
$1,000 and publication in
Military Review
$750 and consideration for publication in
Military Review
$500 and consideration for publication in
Military Review
For information on how to submit an entry, please visit
https://www.armyupress.army.mil/DePuy-Writing-Competition/.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6 The Eighteenth Gap
Preserving the Commander’s Legal
Maneuver Space on “Battlefield Next”
Lt. Gen. Charles Pede, U.S. Army
Col. Peter Hayden, U.S. Army
The judge advocate general of the U.S. Army explains the gap
between our Army’s actions and obligations in accordance with
the law of war and the misperceptions about that law among
humanitarian-minded advocates. He warns that soldiers must know
the fundamentals of the law of war to lawfully engage targets
without hesitation in a large-scale combat environment.
43 Mobilizing in the
Twenty-First Century
Col. Chris H. Bachmann, U.S. Army
There are many significant challenges to mobilization when
facing a peer or near-peer competitor in large-scale combat
operations. Ultimately, the United States only needs to mobilize
better than its enemies.
52 The Red Ball Express
Past Lessons for Future Wars
22 One Profession, Two
Communities, and the Third
Rail We Cannot Ignore
Lt. Col. David P. Cavaleri, U.S. Army, Retired
Lt. Col. Davin V. Knolton, PhD, U.S. Army, Retired
The authors believe the way the Army acquires, develops, and
manages people will no longer suffice, and the Army must trans-
form its personnel management practices.
Christopher Carey, PhD
The European theater of operations during the Second World
War provides a pertinent historical example for sustainers to
prepare for large-scale combat operations. A military historian
recommends that the Army examines the valuable sustainment
lessons of the Red Ball Express.
65 Army Counter-UAS 2021–2028
Maj. Benjamin Scott, U.S. Army
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) present threats to U.S. Army forces
today and should be anticipated to continue to do so. Development
of U.S. Army counter-UAS capabilities and an effective counter-UAS
approach are essential to meeting the challenges of the battlefields of
today and the battlefields of the future.
33 Thinking outside of the Sandbox
Succeeding at Security Force
Assistance beyond the Middle East
Lt. Col. Jahara “Franky” Matisek, PhD, U.S. Air Force
Maj. Austin G. Commons, U.S. Army
Advisors conducting security force assistance missions will need to be
judicious about what lessons to take from years of experience in Iraq
and Afghanistan. The U.S. military needs to closely evaluate the advis-
ing culture it has developed in these two conflicts and be prepared to
evolve and adapt to new challenges in other regions.
81 Leveraging Multi-Domain
Military Deception to Expose
the Enemy in 2035
Lt. Col. Stephan Pikner, PhD, U.S. Army
By threatening U.S. access into a theater and denying the assembly
areas needed for staging, U.S. adversaries can undercut America’s
preferred, expeditionary way of war. However, future U.S. land forces
can provoke an opponent into unmasking the long-range sensor and
strike assets central to its anti-access/area denial system by leveraging
multi-domain military deception. This article was a 2020 General
William E. DePuy Special Topics Writing Competition entry.
2
March-April 2021
MILITARY REVIEW
March-April 2021
Volume 101 ◆ Number 2
88 Analytic Tradecraft Standards
An Opportunity to Provide Decision
Advantage for Army Commanders
Lt. Col. Robert W. Schmor, U.S. Army
Maj. James S. Kwoun, U.S. Army
The U.S. Army lacks tradecraft standards to ensure analytic rigor
throughout the intelligence process. The nine analytic tradecraft
standards used by the intelligence community could be adopted by
the Army Military Intelligence Corps to alleviate this shortfall and
further professionalize Army all-source analysis.
124 The Impact of Subordinate
Feedback in Officer Development
Assessments, Feedback,
and Leadership
Maj. Carlos De Castro Pretelt, U.S. Army
The author discusses how the Army’s recent changes to how it
evaluates field grade officers, and in particular, the selection for
command positions, may finally provide enough incentive to
incorporate subordinate feedback in the development of officers as
a necessary requirement for the advancement of its best leaders.
101 From Cambrai to Cyberspace
How the U.S. Military Can Achieve
Convergence between the Cyber
and Physical Domains
Maj. Anthony M. Formica, U.S. Army
Convergence, the continual merging of the effects of the digital and
physical worlds, requires new mentalities as much if not more than it
requires new equipment. The Army and joint force cooperatively need
to consider the challenges that convergence poses to U.S. elements of
national power, its ethical and legal approaches to warfighting, and
its conception of the profession of arms.
131 The Well-Intentioned,
Zero-Defect Officer Corps
Maj. Robert E. Murdough, U.S. Army
Army policies and the proliferation and overuse of centralized
records systems combine to produce a compliance-focused
environment that favors a zero-defect, risk-averse officer corps in
ways that are contrary to the Army’s interests. This article was a
2020 General Douglas MacArthur Military Leadership Writing
Competition entry.
REVIEW ESSAY
112 Operationalizing Culture
Addressing the Army’s People Crisis
Col. Joseph E. Escandon, U.S. Army
Cultural change in the Army is more than an enabler, it is a decisive
fight requiring a dedicated effort to ensure strategic guidance is
executed at the lowest echelons. Only the operationalization of
culture at the brigade-and-below level will provide the leadership
and focus required for success.
138 Adaptation under Fire
How Militaries Change in Wartime
Col. James Kennedy, U.S. Army, Retired
The author critiques a book by David Barno and Nora Bensahel that
explains one of the most difficult aspects of the military for people
to understand—the complexity and importance of change in the
military, especially while in conflict.
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
141
A reader comments on a previous article.
MILITARY REVIEW
March-April 2021
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