MHQ - vol 33 no 3 - Spring.pdf

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THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL
OF MILITARY HISTORY
In World War II the famed
“Fighting 79th” slugged its
way through Nazi strongholds
RACE TO
THE RHINE
SPRING 2021
HISTORYNET.com
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OPENING ROUND
In the late 1920s, the U.S. Army began to explore the idea of
using mortars in its light infantry units. It turned to Edgar
Brandt, whose Paris-based ironwork and armaments company,
Établissements Brandt, was already finding success with its Modèle
27/31 mortar, an 81mm weapon developed from the Stokes trench
mortar that British and American forces used in World War I.
While the U.S. Army’s Ordnance Department would later license
the Brandt design for its M1 mortar, it also wanted a smaller, more
portable weapon for its frontline infantry regiments and airborne
troops. The Brandt company came up with a 47mm prototype,
but after concluding that it wasn’t powerful enough, the army
ordered eight 60mm models, subjected them to extensive testing,
and ultimately purchased a license from the Brandt company to
manufacture the mortars in the United States.
In February 1938 the U.S. Army officially adopted the 60mm
mortar, designating it the M2. In January 1940 it ordered 1,500
M2s and soon, with the nation’s entry into World War II,
dramatically ramped up production of the mortars, which were
made by Firestone Tire and Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio;
Read Machinery Company (a manufacturer of equipment for
commercial bakeries) in Glen Rock, Pennsylvania; and Kennedy-
Van Saun Corporation in Danville, Pennsylvania. In 1941 the
M2 appeared on the cover of
Popular Science
magazine as an
example of “Our Infantry’s New Weapons.”
The M49A2 HE (high explosive) bomb shown here—one of
several types of ammunition made for the M2 (the others fired
illumination or smoke-generating rounds)—weighed about
3 pounds and proved especially effective against machine-gun
nests and enemy soldiers in the open or dug into trenches, ravines,
or along slopes. It was a workhorse weapon for all the U.S. infantry
units in World War II. (See “Race to the Rhine,” page 32.)
By the end of the war more than 60,000 M2s had been deployed,
and they again would see service in the Korean War and the
Vietnam War. In 1978 the M2 was replaced by the M224.
CENTURION AUCTIONS
MHQ Spring 2021
3

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