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THE SEARCH FOR THE
"MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE"
THE CIA AND MIND CONTROL
John Marks
Allen Lane
Allen Lane
Penguin Books Ltd
17 Grosvenor Gardens
London SW1 OBD
First published in the U.S.A. by Times Books, a division of
Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., Inc., and
simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Ltd, 1979
First published in Great Britain by Allen Lane 1979
Copyright <£> John Marks, 1979
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner
ISBN 07139 12790
jj
Printed in Great Britain by
Thomson Litho Ltd, East Kilbride, Scotland
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For Barbara and Daniel
AUTHOR'S NOTE
This book has grown out of the 16,000 pages of documents that
the CIA released to me under the Freedom of Information Act.
Without these documents, the best investigative reporting in
the world could not have produced a book, and the secrets of
CIA mind-control work would have remained buried forever,
as the men who knew them had always intended. From the
documentary base, I was able to expand my knowledge through
interviews and readings in the behavioral sciences. Neverthe-
less, the final result is not the whole story of the CIA's attack on
the mind. Only a few insiders could have written that, and they
choose to remain silent. I have done the best I can to make the
book as accurate as possible, but I have been hampered by the
refusal of most of the principal characters to be interviewed
and by the CIA's destruction in 1973 of many of the key docu-
ments.
I want to extend special thanks to the congressional sponsors
of the Freedom of Information Act. I would like to think that
they had my kind of research in mind when they passed into
law the idea that information about the government belongs to
the people, not to the bureaucrats. I am also grateful to the CIA
officials who made what must have been a rather unpleasant
decision to release the documents and to those in the Agency
who worked on the actual mechanics of release. From my point
of view, the system has worked extremely well.
I must acknowledge that the system worked almost not at all
during the first six months of my three-year Freedom of Infor-
matlon Struggle. Then in late 1975, Joseph Petrilloand Timothy
Sullivan, two skilled and energetic lawyers with the firm of
Fried, Frank, Shriver, Harris and Kampelman, entered the
case. I had the distinct impression that the government attor-
neys took me much more seriously when my requests for docu-
ments started arriving on stationery with all those prominent
partners at the top. An author should not need lawyers to write
a book, but I would have had great difficulty without mine. I
greatly appreciate their assistance.
What an author
does
need is editors, a publisher, researchers,
consultants, and friends, and I have been particularly blessed
with good ones. My very dear friend Taylor Branch edited the
book, and I continue to be impressed with his great skill in
making my ideas and language coherent. Taylor has also
served as my agent, and in this capacity, too, he has done me
great service.
I had a wonderful research team, without which I never
could have sifted through the masses of material and run down
leads in so many places. I thank them all, and I want to ac-
knowledge their contributions. Diane St. Clair was the main-
stay of the group. She put together a system for filing and cross-
indexing that worked beyond all expectations. (Special thanks
to
Newsday's
Bob Greene, whose suggestions for organizing a
large investigation came to us through the auspices of Investi-
gative Reporters and Editors, Inc.) Not until a week before the
book was finally finished did I fail to find a document which I
needed; naturally, it was something I had misfiled myself.
Diane also contributed greatly to the Cold War chapter. Rich-
ard Sokolow made similar contributions to the Mushroom and
Safehouse chapters. His work was solid, and his energy bound-
less. Jay Peterzell delved deeply into Dr. Cameron's "depattern-
ing" work in Montreal and stayed with it when others might
have quit. Jay also did first-rate studies of brainwashing and
sensory deprivation. Jim Mintz and Ken Cummins provided
excellent assistance in the early research stage.
The Center for National Security Studies, under my good
friend Robert Borosage, provided physical support and re-
search aid, and I would like to express my appreciation. My
thanks also to Morton Halperin who continued the support
when he became director of the Center. I also appreciated the
help of Penny Bevis, Hannah Delaney, Florence Oliver, Aldora
Whitman, Nick Fiore, and Monica Andres.
AUTHOR'S
NOTE
My sister, Dr. Patricia Greenfield, did excellent work on (he
CIA's interface with academia and on the Personality Assess-
ment System. I want to acknowledge her contribution to the
book and express my thanks and love.
There has been a whole galaxy of people who have provided
specialized help, and I would like to thank them all. Jeff Kohan,
Eddie Becker, Sam Zuckerman, Matthew Messelson, Julian
Robinson, Milton Kline, Marty Lee, M. J. Conklin, Alan Sche-
flin, Bonnie Goldstein, Paul Avery, Bill Mills, John Lilly, Hum-
phrey Osmond, Julie Haggerty, Patrick Oster, Norman
Kempster, Bill Richards, Paul Magnusson, Andy Sommer,
Mark Cheshire, Sidney Cohen, Paul Altmeyer, Fred and Elsa
Kleiner, Dr. John Cavanagh, and Senator James Abourezk and
his staff.
I sent drafts of the first ten chapters to many of the people I
interviewed (and several who refused to be interviewed). My
aim was to have them correct any inaccuracies or point out
material taken out of context. The comments of those who re-
sponded aided me considerably in preparing the final book. My
thanks for their assistance to Albert Hofmann, Telford Taylor,
Leo Alexander, Walter Langer, John Stockwell, William Hood,
Samuel Thompson, Sidney Cohen, Milton Greenblatt, Gordon
Wasson, James Moore, Laurence Hinkle, Charles Osgood, John
Gittinger (for Chapter 10 only), and all the others who asked not
to be identified.
Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to my pub-
lisher, Times Books, and especially to my editor John J. Simon.
John, Tom Lipscomb, Roger Jellinek, Gyorgyi Voros, and John
Gallagher all believed in this book from the beginning and
provided outstanding support. Thanks also go to Judith H.
McQuown, who copyedited the manuscript, and Rosalyn T.
Badalamenti, Times Books' Production Editor, who oversaw
the whole production process.
John Marks
Washington, D.C.
October 26, 1978

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