Winter-2009-Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement.pdf

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BIOMECHANICS AND
MOTOR CONTROL OF
HUMAN MOVEMENT
Fourth Edition
DAVID A. WINTER
University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-470-39818-0
David A. Winter
To my wife and children, and to my colleagues, graduate and undergraduate
students, all of whom have encouraged, challenged, and influenced me over
the years.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright
©
2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Winter, David A., 1930-
Biomechanics and motor control of human movement / David A. Winter.—4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-39818-0 (cloth)
1. Human mechanics. 2. Motor ability. 3. Kinesiology. I. Title.
QP303.W59 2009
612.7 6—dc22
2009019182
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface to the Fourth Edition
1 Biomechanics as an Interdiscipline
1.0
1.1
Introduction, 1
Measurement, Description, Analysis, and Assessment, 2
1.1.1 Measurement, Description, and Monitoring, 3
1.1.2 Analysis, 5
1.1.3 Assessment and Interpretation, 6
Biomechanics and its Relationship with Physiology and
Anatomy, 7
Scope
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7
1.3.8
of the Textbook, 9
Signal Processing, 9
Kinematics, 10
Kinetics, 10
Anthropometry, 11
Muscle and Joint Biomechanics, 11
Electromyography, 11
Synthesis of Human Movement, 12
Biomechanical Motor Synergies, 12
xiii
1
1.2
1.3
1.4
References, 12
iii
iv
CONTENTS
2 Signal Processing
2.0
2.1
Introduction, 14
Auto-
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
14
and Cross-Correlation Analyses, 14
Similarity to the Pearson Correlation, 15
Formulae for Auto- and Cross-Correlation Coefficients, 16
Four Properties of the Autocorrelation Function, 17
Three Properties of the Cross-Correlation Function, 20
Importance in Removing the Mean Bias from the
Signal, 21
2.1.6 Digital Implementation of Auto- and Cross-Correlation
Functions, 22
2.1.7 Application of Autocorrelations, 23
2.1.8 Applications of Cross-Correlations, 23
2.2
Frequency Analysis, 26
2.2.1 Introduction—Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain, 26
2.2.2 Discrete Fourier (Harmonic) Analysis, 27
2.2.3 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 30
2.2.4 Applications of Spectrum Analyses, 30
Ensemble Averaging of Repetitive Waveforms, 41
2.3.1 Examples of Ensemble-Averaged Profiles, 41
2.3.2 Normalization of Time Bases to 100%, 42
2.3.3 Measure of Average Variability about the Mean
Waveform, 43
References, 43
45
2.3
2.4
3 Kinematics
3.0
3.1
Historical Development and Complexity of Problem, 45
Kinematic Conventions, 46
3.1.1 Absolute Spatial Reference System, 46
3.1.2 Total Description of a Body Segment in Space, 47
Direct
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
Measurement Techniques, 48
Goniometers, 48
Special Joint Angle Measuring Systems, 50
Accelerometers, 50
3.2
3.3
Imaging Measurement Techniques, 53
3.3.1 Review of Basic Lens Optics, 54
CONTENTS
v
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.4
f
-Stop Setting and Field of Focus, 54
Cinematography, 55
Television, 58
Optoelectric Techniques, 61
Advantages and Disadvantages of Optical Systems, 63
Summary of Various Kinematic Systems, 64
Processing of Raw Kinematic Data, 64
3.4.1 Nature of Unprocessed Image Data, 64
3.4.2 Signal versus Noise in Kinematic Data, 65
3.4.3 Problems of Calculating Velocities and Accelerations, 66
3.4.4 Smoothing and Curve Fitting of Data, 67
3.4.5 Comparison of Some Smoothing Techniques, 74
Calculation of Other Kinematic Variables, 75
3.5.1 Limb-Segment Angles, 75
3.5.2 Joint Angles, 77
3.5.3 Velocities—Linear and Angular, 77
3.5.4 Accelerations—Linear and Angular, 78
Problems Based on Kinematic Data, 79
References, 80
82
3.5
3.6
3.7
4 Anthropometry
4.0
4.1
Scope of Anthropometry in Movement Biomechanics, 82
4.0.1 Segment Dimensions, 82
Density, Mass, and Inertial Properties, 83
4.1.1 Whole-Body Density, 83
4.1.2 Segment Densities, 84
4.1.3 Segment Mass and Center of Mass, 85
4.1.4 Center of Mass of a Multisegment System, 88
4.1.5 Mass Moment of Inertia and Radius of Gyration, 89
4.1.6 Parallel-Axis Theorem, 90
4.1.7 Use of Anthropometric Tables and Kinematic Data, 91
Direct Experimental Measures, 96
4.2.1 Location of the Anatomical Center of Mass of the
Body, 96
4.2.2 Calculation of the Mass of a Distal Segment, 96
4.2.3 Moment of Inertia of a Distal Segment, 97
4.2.4 Joint Axes of Rotation, 98
4.2

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