Winter_1987_TheBiomechanicsandMotorControlofHumanGait.pdf

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avid
Winter
University of Waterloo Press
Copyright© David A. Winter 1987
Second printing 1988
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any
form by any means - graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems - without written
permission of the University of Waterloo Press. Critics or reviewers may quote brief
passages in connection with a review or critical article in any media.
ISBN 0-88898-078-7
University of Waterloo Press
Dana Porter Library
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
N2L3GI
Printed at Graphic Services
University of Waterloo
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Winter, David A., 1930-
The biomechanics and motor control of human gait
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-88898-078-7
I. Gait in humans.
QP303.W56 1987
2. Human
mechanics.
612'.76
L
Title.
C87-093384-I
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to my wife, Judy, and my three children, Merriam, Andrew and Bruce.
Ill
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Table of Contents
Ackno,vledgements .. ......... ....... ........ ......... ..... .... ....... .... .. .. ......... .. ..... .. .. .... .. .. ..... .. ..
vi
Fore,vard................................................................................................................. vii
Chapter 1: Gait Analysis: Considerations and Terminology............................
1.10 Motor Functions in Human Gait...............................................................
1.20 Definitions, Terms and Conventions Related to Human Gait..................
1.40 Biomcchanical Terms: Definitions and Conventions...............................
1.70 Neurological Terms: Definitions and Explanations.................................
1.90 References ... .. ...... .. ... .. .. ......... ...... ..... ............... ........... ......... .. ........ ...........
Chapter 2: Temporal and Stride Measures.........................................................
2.10 Natural Cadence .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ..... .. .. .. ....... .... .. ..
2.20 Stance and Swing Times...........................................................................
2. 30 Velocity, Cadence and Stride Length.......................................................
2.40 References ... .. .... .... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .................
Chapter 3: Kinematics...........................................................................................
3.10 Linear Measures.......................................................................................
3.20 Segment Angular Measures......................................................................
3.30 Joint Angles..............................................................................................
3.40 References................................................................................................
Chapter 4: Kinetics................................................................................................
4.10 Ground Reaction Forces...........................................................................
4.20 Calculation of Moment of Force Patterns.................................................
4.30 Energetics of Walking..............................................................................
4.40 References................................................................................................
Chapter 5: Electromyography in Human Gait...................................................
5.10 Detailed Profiles of Sixteen Gait-Related Muscles..................................
5. 30 References .. ... .. .. .. ............... ... .... .. .... ......... .. ..... .. .. .. .. ... .. ...... ....... ....... .. .. ....
Appendix - Tables of Selected Curves..................................................................
Joint Angles - Slow, Natural and Fast Cadences.................................................
Ground Reaction Forces - Slow, Natural and Fast Cadences..............................
Joint Moments of Force - Slow, Natural and Fast Cadences..............................
Power Generated and Absorbed - Slow, Natural and
Fast Cadences .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ..
EMG - Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Maximus, Medial and
Lateral Hamstrings ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .... .. .. .. .. ... ... ... .. ... .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. ..
EMG - Erector Spinae, Sartorius, Rectus Femoris,
Vastus Lateralis ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ..
EMG - Adductor Longus and Magnus, Tibialis Anterior,
Extensor Digitorum Longus .. ...... .. ......... ......... .. .. .... ....... .. .. ....... .. ........... ..
EMG - Medial and Lateral Gastrocnemius, Soleus,
Peroneus Longus.......................................................................................
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