Brown. A brief sketch of Urama grammаr with special consideration of particles marking agency, aspect, and modality.pdf

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A BRIEF SKETCH OF URAMA GRAMMAR WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF
PARTICLES MARKING AGENCY, ASPECT, AND MODALITY
by
Janessa L. Brown
Bachelor of Arts, University of Calgary, 1999
A Thesis
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
of the
University of North Dakota
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Master of Arts
Grand Forks, North Dakota
August 2009
This thesis, submitted by Janessa L. Brown in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Degree of Master of Arts from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty
Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved.
___________________________________
Chair
___________________________________
___________________________________
This thesis meets the standards for appearance, conforms to the style and format
requirements of the Graduate School of the University of North Dakota, and is hereby approved.
__________________________________
Dean of the Graduate School
__________________________________
Date
ii
PERMISSION
Title
A Brief Sketch of Urama Grammar with Special Consideration of Particles
Marking Agency, Aspect, and Modality
Linguistics
Master of Arts
Department
Degree
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from
the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely
available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly
purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by
the chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any
copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be
allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given
to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any
material in my thesis.
Signature ______________________________
Date __________________________________
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii
ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................iix
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................x
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2
Geographical Situation ........................................................................................1
Source of Data .....................................................................................................2
Statement of Purpose and Scope .........................................................................3
Brief Overview of Urama Orthography...............................................................4
BRIEF GRAMMATICAL SKETCH.............................................................................7
2.1
Basic Word Order................................................................................................7
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.2
Active Clauses - Transitive and Intransitive........................................7
Stative ................................................................................................12
Nouns.................................................................................................................12
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
Possession ..........................................................................................14
Pronouns ............................................................................................14
Case....................................................................................................15
2.3
Verbs .................................................................................................................16
2.3.1
2.3.2
Person and Number Marking.............................................................20
Tense..................................................................................................27
iv
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.4
2.5
Auxiliary Verbs .................................................................................29
Transitivity.........................................................................................30
Summary of Verbal Morphology.......................................................31
Postpositions......................................................................................................32
Clausal Relations...............................................................................................33
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
Subordination – Reason or Intent ......................................................34
Subordination – Adjunct Time and Location Clauses.......................35
Subordination – Conditionals ............................................................36
2.6
3
Problematic Particles.........................................................................................36
RO:
AGENT MARKER ..............................................................................................40
3.1
3.2
The Data ............................................................................................................40
Four Possible Explanations ...............................................................................44
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.3
3.4
Nominative Case Marker ...................................................................44
Ergative Case Marker ........................................................................44
Animacy.............................................................................................46
Transitivity.........................................................................................48
Discourse Marker – Focus Structure: A Combination Solution .......................50
Summary of
ro...................................................................................................53
4
PARTICLES MARKING ASPECT AND MODALITY.............................................55
4.1
4.2
Overview of Tense, Aspect and Modality in Urama.........................................55
Aspect ................................................................................................................57
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.3
va – the Imperfective .........................................................................57
ha – the Perfect ..................................................................................62
Interaction Between Particles ............................................................66
Modality ............................................................................................................66
v

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