Dondorp Anne, Shim Jae-Wook. Wipi Grammar Essentials.pdf

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Wipi Grammar Essentials
Written by Anne Dondorp and Jae-Wook Shim, January 1997
Formatted for online publishing by Ruth Wester, November 2013
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1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 7
1.1 General Information ................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Conventions Used ....................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................. 8
2. PHONOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................. 10
2.1 Tentative Orthography ............................................................................................................................. 10
2.2 Morphophonemics ................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Epenthesis ................................................................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Deletion ....................................................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Assimilation ..............................................................................................................................................11
2.2.4 Metathesis ................................................................................................................................................12
2.2.5 Fusion .......................................................................................................................................................12
3. WORD LEVEL ............................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Nouns ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1 Noun Stem ................................................................................................................................................14
3.1.1.1 simple noun stem ..............................................................................................................................14
3.1.1.2 complex noun stems .........................................................................................................................14
3.1.1.2.1 Derivation ..................................................................................................................................14
3.1.1.2.2 compound nouns .......................................................................................................................16
3.1.1.3 loan words/borrowed words ............................................................................................................18
3.1.2 Noun Class ................................................................................................................................................18
3.1.2.1 common nouns .................................................................................................................................18
3.1.2.2 proper nouns .....................................................................................................................................19
3.1.3 Gender ......................................................................................................................................................20
3.1.4 Number .....................................................................................................................................................21
3.2 Case .......................................................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.1 Core Case Markers ....................................................................................................................................22
3.2.1.1 absolutive marker .............................................................................................................................22
3.2.1.2 nominative marker ............................................................................................................................24
3.2.2 Peripheral Case Markers........................................................................................................................... 28
3.3 Verbs ........................................................................................................................................................ 29
3.3.1 Verb Classes ..............................................................................................................................................29
3.3.2 Verb Root ..................................................................................................................................................30
3.3.2.1 simple verb root ................................................................................................................................ 30
3.3.3 Agreement ................................................................................................................................................30
3.3.3.1 subject agreement ............................................................................................................................30
3.3.3.2 absolutive agreement .......................................................................................................................32
3.3.3.2.1 vowel alternation .......................................................................................................................32
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3.3.3.2.2 absolutive prefixes .....................................................................................................................34
3.3.3.2.3 absolutive suffix .........................................................................................................................36
3.3.3.2.4 Summary ....................................................................................................................................36
3.3.4 Tense ........................................................................................................................................................37
3.3.4.1 present tense ....................................................................................................................................37
3.3.4.2 yesterday past ...................................................................................................................................38
3.3.4.3 remote past .......................................................................................................................................38
3.3.4.4 Future ................................................................................................................................................39
3.3.5 Aspect .......................................................................................................................................................39
3.3.5.1 frozen forms ......................................................................................................................................39
3.3.5.2 intensive and mitigative aspect.........................................................................................................39
3.3.5.3 benefactive aspect ............................................................................................................................41
3.3.5.4 repetitive aspect ............................................................................................................................... 41
3.3.5.5 combination of aspects .....................................................................................................................41
3.3.5.6 continuous aspect .............................................................................................................................42
3.3.6 Mood ........................................................................................................................................................43
3.3.6.1 status(realis/irrealis) ......................................................................................................................... 43
3.3.6.2 Infinitive ............................................................................................................................................43
3.3.7 Illocutionary Force ....................................................................................................................................44
3.3.7.1 Imperative .........................................................................................................................................44
3.3.7.2 Prohibitive .........................................................................................................................................45
3.3.7.3 Hortative ...........................................................................................................................................45
3.3.8 Voice .........................................................................................................................................................47
3.3.8.1 Passive ...............................................................................................................................................47
3.3.8.2 middle voice ......................................................................................................................................48
3.3.9 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................49
3.4 Adjectives ................................................................................................................................................. 50
3.4.1 Simple Stem Adjectives ............................................................................................................................ 50
3.4.2 Reduplicated Adjectives ........................................................................................................................... 51
3.4.3 Derived Adjectives ....................................................................................................................................51
3.4.4 Gender, Number, and Case Agreement ...................................................................................................52
3.5 Adverbs .................................................................................................................................................... 52
3.5.1 Adverbs of Manner ...................................................................................................................................52
3.5.1.1 underived adverbs of manner ...........................................................................................................52
3.5.1.2 derived adverbs of manner ...............................................................................................................53
3.5.1.3 other ways to encode adverbial notions of manner .........................................................................54
3.5.2 Time Adverbs ............................................................................................................................................54
3.5.3 Adverbs of Location ..................................................................................................................................56
3.6
Pronouns .................................................................................................................................................. 56
3.6.1 Personal Pronouns ....................................................................................................................................56
3.6.2 Emphatic and Reciprocal Pronouns ..........................................................................................................59
3.6.3 Interrogative Pronouns.............................................................................................................................60
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3.7 Deixis Markers .......................................................................................................................................... 63
3.7.1 Adverbial Deictic Markers ........................................................................................................................ 63
3.7.2 Demonstratives ........................................................................................................................................65
3.7.3
Existential Deictic Markers .......................................................................................................................67
3.7.3.1 existential deixis ................................................................................................................................67
3.7.3.2 existential markers used as absolutive markers ...............................................................................68
3.7.3.3 negation of existential markers.........................................................................................................69
3.7.3.4 special use of the existential deictic markers....................................................................................70
3.8 Negators ................................................................................................................................................... 70
3.9 Postpositions ............................................................................................................................................ 72
3.10
Numerals ................................................................................................................................................ 75
3.10.1 Cardinal Numerals ..................................................................................................................................75
3.10.2 Ordinal Numerals....................................................................................................................................76
3.11 Quantifiers ............................................................................................................................................. 77
3.12
Conjunctions ........................................................................................................................................... 80
3.12.1 Coordinating Conjunctions .....................................................................................................................80
3.12.2
Subordinating Conjunctions ...................................................................................................................81
3.13 Intensifiers.............................................................................................................................................. 82
3.14 Relativizer ............................................................................................................................................... 84
3.15 Modality Particles ................................................................................................................................... 84
3.16 Predicate Marker .................................................................................................................................... 85
3.17 Pro verb .................................................................................................................................................. 86
3.18 Interjections ........................................................................................................................................... 86
3.19 Question Particle .................................................................................................................................... 87
4. PHRASE LEVEL ............................................................................................................................ 88
4.1 Noun Phrases ........................................................................................................................................... 88
4.1.1 Modified Noun Phrase .............................................................................................................................. 88
4.1.2 Coordinate Noun Phrases .........................................................................................................................90
4.1.2.1 conjoined NP .....................................................................................................................................90
4.1.2.2 alternative NP....................................................................................................................................91
4.1.2.3 ellipsis of modifiers ........................................................................................................................91
4.1.3 Appositional Noun Phrases.......................................................................................................................92
4.1.4 Relativised Noun Phrases ......................................................................................................................... 93
4.2 Verb Phrases............................................................................................................................................. 94
4.2.1 Simple Verb Phrase ...................................................................................................................................94
4.2.2 Complex Verb Phrase ............................................................................................................................... 94
4.2.2.1 adjunct verb phrase ..........................................................................................................................94
4.2.2.2 complex equative verb phrase ..........................................................................................................95
4.3 Adjectival Phrases .................................................................................................................................... 96
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4.4 Adverbial Phrase ...................................................................................................................................... 97
4.5 Postpositional Phrase ............................................................................................................................... 97
4.6 Demonstrative Phrase ............................................................................................................................ 100
4.7 Numeral Phrase ...................................................................................................................................... 100
5. CLAUSE LEVEL .......................................................................................................................... 101
5.1 Non-verbal Clauses ................................................................................................................................. 101
5.1.1 Equative Clause ......................................................................................................................................101
5.1.2 Existential Clause ....................................................................................................................................102
5.1.3 Possessive Clauses ..................................................................................................................................102
5.2 Verbal Clauses ........................................................................................................................................ 103
5.2.1 Word Order And Grammatical Relations in the Clause ..........................................................................103
5.2.2 Intransitive Clauses .................................................................................................................................104
5.2.3 Transitive Clauses ...................................................................................................................................105
5.2.4 Ditransitive Clauses ................................................................................................................................106
5.3 Clause Modification ................................................................................................................................ 108
5.3.1 Interrogative Clauses ..............................................................................................................................108
5.3.1.1 polar questions ................................................................................................................................ 108
5.3.1.2 content questions ...........................................................................................................................109
5.3.2 Relative Clauses ......................................................................................................................................109
5.3.3 Comparative Clauses .............................................................................................................................. 111
5.4 Clause Operators .................................................................................................................................... 111
5.4.1 Modality Particles ...................................................................................................................................111
5.4.2 Negation .................................................................................................................................................113
6. SENTENCE LEVEL .................................................................................................................... 115
6.1 Simple Sentence ..................................................................................................................................... 115
6.2 Complex Sentence .................................................................................................................................. 115
6.2.1 Coordination ...........................................................................................................................................115
6.2.2 Complementation ................................................................................................................................... 117
6.2.2.1 finite complements .........................................................................................................................117
6.2.2.1.1 Direct/Indirect Speech .............................................................................................................117
6.2.2.2 infinite complements ......................................................................................................................118
6.2.2.2.1 same subject infinite complements .........................................................................................118
6.2.2.2.2 different subject infinite complements ...................................................................................119
6.2.3 Complex Sentences With Adverbial Clauses ..........................................................................................119
6.2.3.1 temporal adverbial clauses .............................................................................................................119
6.2.3.2 locative adverbial clause .................................................................................................................120
6.2.3.3 reason clause................................................................................................................................... 120
6.2.3.4 conditional clause ...........................................................................................................................120
6.2.3.5 contrafactual clause ........................................................................................................................121

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