Forster. Paya Kuna. An Introductory Grammar.pdf

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Language and Culture
Documentation and Description 14
®
PAYA KUNA
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR
D. Keith Forster
PAYA KUNA
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR
D. Keith Forster
SIL International
®
2011
SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description
14
©2011 D. Keith Forster and SIL International
ISSN 1939-0785
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Series Editor
George Huttar
Copy Editors
Mickey Brussow
Compositor
Judy Benjamin
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... ix
THE PAYA KUNA ALPHABET .......................................................................................................... x
1 BASIC GREETINGS AND TAKING LEAVE ............................................................................. 1
1.1
Dialogue ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2
Pronunciation.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1
Intonation (Ex. 1–2)........................................................................................................ 1
1.2.2
Consonant pronunciation ................................................................................................ 2
1.2.3
Pronunciation of individual vowel and lenis consonant sounds ..................................... 2
1.3
Culture .................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4
Grammar ................................................................................................................................. 8
1.4.1
Mai
versus
chi.................................................................................................................
8
1.4.2
Use of personal pronouns ............................................................................................... 8
2 BASIC NEEDS EXPRESSED: FOOD AND SHELTER ............................................................ 10
2.1
Dialogue ............................................................................................................................... 10
2.2
Pronunciation........................................................................................................................ 10
2.2.1
Intonation (Ex. 1–3)...................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2
Fortis consonants .......................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3
Pronunciation of individual fortis consonant sounds (Ex. 4–8) ................................... 11
2.2.4
Vowel length (Ex. 9) .................................................................................................... 13
2.2.5
Distinguishing between fortis and lenis consonants (Ex. 10–27) ................................. 14
2.2.6
Consonant clusters (Ex. 28) .......................................................................................... 18
2.3
Culture .................................................................................................................................. 19
2.4
Grammar ............................................................................................................................... 19
2.4.1
Word order (Ex. 29–30) ............................................................................................... 19
2.4.2
Desiderative (Ex. 31–35) .............................................................................................. 21
2.5
Vocabulary ........................................................................................................................... 23
3 CONVERSATIONAL REPLIES ................................................................................................. 24
3.1
Dialogue ............................................................................................................................... 24
3.2
Pronunciation........................................................................................................................ 24
3.2.1
Intonation
(Ex. 1–2)
...................................................................................................... 24
3.2.2
Pronunciation of consonant cluster with lenis consonant
g
or fortis consonant
k
before
nasals
m
and
n
(Ex. 3) .................................................................................................. 24
3.2.3
Intonation patterns of questions and answers (Ex. 4–10) ............................................. 25
3.2.4
Pronunciation of consonants at the beginning of a word .............................................. 26
3.2.5
Pronunciation of monosyllabic words (Ex. 11) ............................................................ 27
3.3
Culture .................................................................................................................................. 27
3.4
Grammar ............................................................................................................................... 28
3.4.1
Yes/No questions .......................................................................................................... 28
3.4.2
Verb tense aspect - immediate future (Ex. 12–16) ....................................................... 28
3.4.3
Intransitive sentence word order................................................................................... 30
3.4.4
Long and short forms of words..................................................................................... 30
3.4.5
Contrast of subject ........................................................................................................ 31
3.5
Vocabulary ........................................................................................................................... 32
4 QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................ 33
4.1
Dialogue ............................................................................................................................... 33
4.2
Pronunciation........................................................................................................................ 33
4.2.1
Intonation (Ex. 1–2)...................................................................................................... 33
iii
iv
Contents
5
6
7
8
4.2.2
Pronunciation of consonants at the end of words (Ex. 3) ............................................. 33
4.2.3
Pronunciation of labialized consonants (Ex. 4–7) ........................................................ 34
4.2.4
Pronunciation of transitional
w
..................................................................................... 36
4.2.5
Fluctuation and phonological changes of fricatives, affricates and the semi-vowel
j
........... 36
4.3
Culture .................................................................................................................................. 37
4.4
Grammar ............................................................................................................................... 37
4.4.1
Verb tense in completive aspect ................................................................................... 37
4.4.2
Verb form in completive aspect (Ex. 8–10) ................................................................. 37
4.4.3
Content Questions (Ex. 11–18) .................................................................................... 39
4.5
VOCABULARY .................................................................................................................. 44
TRADE LANGUAGE.................................................................................................................. 45
5.1
Dialogue ............................................................................................................................... 45
5.2
Pronunciation and Intonation (Ex. 1–4) ............................................................................... 45
5.2.1
Conversation ................................................................................................................. 45
5.2.2
Listing ........................................................................................................................... 45
5.3
Culture .................................................................................................................................. 46
5.4
Grammar ............................................................................................................................... 46
5.4.1
Numbers (Ex. 5–15) ..................................................................................................... 46
5.4.2
Listing ........................................................................................................................... 55
5.5
Vocabulary ........................................................................................................................... 56
POSITIONAL WORDS ............................................................................................................... 57
6.1
Dialogue ............................................................................................................................... 57
6.2
Pronunciation........................................................................................................................ 57
6.2.1
Conversational intonation (Ex. 1–2)............................................................................. 57
6.2.2
Disclaimer (nothing-special-is-happening) response (Ex. 3) ....................................... 57
6.3
Culture .................................................................................................................................. 58
6.3.1
Pointing ........................................................................................................................ 58
6.3.2
Counting with fingers ................................................................................................... 58
6.4
Grammar ............................................................................................................................... 59
6.4.1
Positional verbs (Ex. 4–5) ............................................................................................ 59
6.4.2
Present progressive tense-aspect (Ex. 6–9) .................................................................. 63
6.4.3
Disclaimer (nothing-special-is-happening) response (Ex. 10) ..................................... 66
6.5
Vocabulary ........................................................................................................................... 66
BUYING AND SELLING ........................................................................................................... 67
7.1
Dialogue ............................................................................................................................... 67
7.2
Pronunciation........................................................................................................................ 68
7.2.1
Intonation (Ex. 1).......................................................................................................... 68
7.2.2
Pronunciation (Ex. 2–3)................................................................................................ 68
7.2.3
Unit price intonation pattern (Ex. 4–5) ......................................................................... 68
7.3
Culture .................................................................................................................................. 68
7.4
Grammar ............................................................................................................................... 69
7.4.1
Numbers (Ex. 6–19) ..................................................................................................... 69
7.4.2
Time words ................................................................................................................... 83
7.4.3
Quantity-related questions (Ex. 20) .............................................................................. 83
7.5
Vocabulary ........................................................................................................................... 84
CONVERSATIONAL POINTERS.............................................................................................. 86
8.1
Dialogue ............................................................................................................................... 86
8.2
Pronunciation and Intonation ............................................................................................... 86
8.3
Culture .................................................................................................................................. 87

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