EMC_Testing_Beginners_Guide.pdf

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EMC TESTING:
THE BEGINNER'S GUIDE
Start Here: Beginner’s Guide To EMC
Chapter 1 - Global Rules & Regulation
Chapter 2 - Radiated & Conducted Emissions
Chapter 3 - Continuous & Transient Immunity
Chapter 4 - EMC Testing Preparation
Chapter 5 - Pre-Compliance - EMI
Chapter 6 - Pre-Compliance Testing - Immunity
Chapter 7 - Test Lab & Typical Pricing
Chapter 8 - Resources, Books & Training
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Copyright © 2018 EMC FastPass
EMC TESTING:
THE BEGINNER'S GUIDE
Start Here: Beginner’s Guide To EMC
New to EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) testing? Need to polish up your
knowledge? This beginner’s guide to EMC gives the concise information you need
to identify, prepare for and ultimately pass EMC testing.
In this guide, you’ll learn how to find the EMC standards that apply to your product,
what the emissions and immunity tests are that you’ll need to pass, how to prepare
for testing, how to find good EMC test labs, typical pricing and much more.
The beginner’s guide to EMC is an in-depth tutorial on all aspects of EMC testing.
This guide covers the fundamentals of everything you need to know to be able to
navigate, prepare for and pass EMC testing.
Here’s what we’ll cover in this chapter:
o
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Learn what electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing is
Discover the poor first time pass rate average
The 5 reasons manufacturers care about EMC testing
The history and future of EMC testing
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Read on below!
What is Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Testing?
EMC (ElectroMagnetic Compatibility) testing exists to ensure that your electronic or
electrical device doesn’t emit a large amount of electromagnetic interference (known
as radiated and conducted emissions) and that your device continues to function as
intended in the presence of several electromagnetic phenomena.
Regulatory bodies around the world have placed limits on the levels of emissions that
electronic and electrical products can generate.
Also, electromagnetic immunity testing is mandated for some areas and some product
types. In the first chapter of this guide, we’ll be digging into the applicability of emissions
and immunity tests to your product, as well as determining exactly which standards apply.
What is the Average EMC Testing Pass Rate?
EMC testing guide Statistics on this subject are few and far between, because EMC test
labs and governments are not required to collate the information. However, one of the
largest studies available, by Intertek Labs puts the first time pass rate at only 50%! A
5 Reasons To Care About EMC Testing
Do I need to care about EMC Testing?
Although a
few exemptions exist,
if you design, manufacture or import products with
electronics inside, then it’s almost definite that you’re going to need to care about EMC.
1. Protection of the electromagnetic spectrum
We only have a finite amount of electromagnetic spectrum that we can use for things
like radio transmission, microwave communication, x-ray machines and a huge number
of other products.
Start Here: Beginner’s Guide To EMC
Copyright © 2018 EMC FastPass
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Unfortunately, even electronic devices without transmitters emit electromagnetic
radiation, just as a byproduct of switching currents and voltages inherent to electronic
circuitry. Without limits to the amount of unintended electromagnetic radiation from
electronic products, the electromagnetic spectrum could be adversely affected and
frequency bands reserved for radio transmission could become compromised.
As the number of non-wireless and wireless electronic products continues to explode,
the already packed electromagnetic spectrum is going to become even more crowded.
Protection of this essential resource is critical to ensuring that devices continue to be
able to function properly in the future.
2. Safety
For many products and industries, EMC performance can mean the difference between
life and death. Many medical, military, industrial, aerospace and automotive products
(and others) have safety critical applications.
If the function of those products fail due to electromagnetic phenomena such as power
supply surges, ESD or radiated electric fields, then lives can certainly be at risk. Imagine
300 cellphones all transmitting 7 Watts of power on an aircraft at 36,000 feet - it’s
rigorous EMC testing that ensures that the electrical systems can withstand those sorts
of electromagnetic environments.
3. Product performance (quality)
The function and performance an electronic product can easily be affected by external
and internally generated EMC phenomena. As an example, if your internal power supply
regulation is too noisy, that can adversely affect sensitive analog measurements (for
sensor products), or lower the performance of a radio transmitter (for wireless products).
Those are both examples of internal EMC problems.
Externally, applied EMC phenomena can negatively affect products in a virtually unlimited
number of ways, from data corruption to measurement accuracy to RF performance
to frying ICs. EMC testing helps to ensure that your device will continue to function
as expected in the presence of a typical EMC environment and (hopefully) reduce the
amount of product returns to poor EMC performance.
4. To keep test labs and government employees busy
Given the
well documented variability of lab to lab EMC testing results,
the large testing
price tag that applies regardless of the quantity of sales or size of the company and the
shear volume of non-compliant devices that enter the market every year, it’s easy to see
how manufacturers can get cynical about the whole process.
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AN OFFICIAL 2013 REPORT OF NON-COMPLIANCE
ACROSS EUROPE STATED: >35% TECHNICAL
REQUIREMENTS NON-COMPLIANCE AND >60%
DOCUMENTATION NON-COMPLIANCE.
It’s true that EMC testing can be a huge burden to small and large manufacturers alike
and its effectiveness can sometimes be questionable. But the rules did emerge as a
result of real problems (see history below) and the government and private infrastructure
grew to accommodate and enforce those rules.
5. Fines
EMC testing finesIf you’re caught with a non-compliant device on the market, the fines
and actions can vary from insignificant to horrendous.
Legal firm Fish & Richardson published a summary of the
FCC’s legal proceedings over
the last few years
and the results were interesting. Most fines were related to issues with
wireless transmitters, rather than unintentional radiators.
PENALTIES VARIED FROM ‘ADMONISHMENT ONLY’ TO $2.2M.
Enforcement seems to be fairly minimal, as evidenced by a non-compliance rate of
approximately
>60% in parts of Europe on a sample size of 10,000 products.
However, there are several risk areas relating to non-compliant devices covering both civil
and criminal law. You can find a good presentation on the legal aspects of compliance
here.
The most likely ways to be caught with a non-compliant device on the market include
competitors notifying authorities, market surveillance and finally customer complaints
due to interference with other devices.
Start Here: Beginner’s Guide To EMC
Copyright © 2018 EMC FastPass
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