PHPNotesForProfessionals.pdf

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Notes for Professionals
PHP
PHP
Notes for Professionals
of professional hints and tricks
400+ pages
GoalKicker.com
Free Programming Books
Disclaimer
This is an unocial free book created for educational purposes and is
not aliated with ocial PHP group(s) or company(s).
All trademarks and registered trademarks are
the property of their respective owners
Contents
About
................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Getting started with PHP
................................................................................................................... 2
Section 1.1: HTML output from web server
.................................................................................................................. 2
Section 1.2: Hello, World!
............................................................................................................................................... 3
Section 1.3: Non-HTML output from web server
........................................................................................................ 3
Section 1.4: PHP built-in server
..................................................................................................................................... 5
Section 1.5: PHP CLI
....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Section 1.6: Instruction Separation
............................................................................................................................... 6
Section 1.7: PHP Tags
.................................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2: Variables
.................................................................................................................................................... 9
Section 2.1: Accessing A Variable Dynamically By Name (Variable variables)
...................................................... 9
Section 2.2: Data Types
.............................................................................................................................................. 10
Section 2.3: Global variable best practices
............................................................................................................... 13
Section 2.4: Default values of uninitialized variables
.............................................................................................. 14
Section 2.5: Variable Value Truthiness and Identical Operator
............................................................................. 15
Chapter 3: Variable Scope
..................................................................................................................................... 18
Section 3.1: Superglobal variables
............................................................................................................................. 18
Section 3.2: Static properties and variables
............................................................................................................. 18
Section 3.3: User-defined global variables
............................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 4: Outputting the Value of a Variable
.......................................................................................... 21
Section 4.1: echo and print
.......................................................................................................................................... 21
Section 4.2: Outputting a structured view of arrays and objects
.......................................................................... 22
Section 4.3: String concatenation with echo
............................................................................................................. 24
Section 4.4: printf vs sprintf
........................................................................................................................................ 25
Section 4.5: Outputting large integers
...................................................................................................................... 25
Section 4.6: Output a Multidimensional Array with index and value and print into the table
............................. 26
Chapter 5: Constants
................................................................................................................................................ 28
Section 5.1: Defining constants
.................................................................................................................................. 28
Section 5.2: Class Constants
...................................................................................................................................... 29
Section 5.3: Checking if constant is defined
............................................................................................................. 29
Section 5.4: Using constants
...................................................................................................................................... 31
Section 5.5: Constant arrays
...................................................................................................................................... 31
Chapter 6: Comments
............................................................................................................................................... 32
Section 6.1: Single Line Comments
............................................................................................................................ 32
Section 6.2: Multi Line Comments
.............................................................................................................................. 32
Chapter 7: Types
......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Section 7.1: Type Comparison
.................................................................................................................................... 33
Section 7.2: Boolean
.................................................................................................................................................... 33
Section 7.3: Float
......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Section 7.4: Strings
...................................................................................................................................................... 35
Section 7.5: Callable
.................................................................................................................................................... 37
Section 7.6: Resources
................................................................................................................................................ 37
Section 7.7: Type Casting
........................................................................................................................................... 38
Section 7.8: Type Juggling
......................................................................................................................................... 38
Section 7.9: Null
........................................................................................................................................................... 39
Section 7.10: Integers
................................................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter 8: Operators
............................................................................................................................................... 41
Section 8.1: Null Coalescing Operator (??)
................................................................................................................ 41
Section 8.2: Spaceship Operator (<=>)
...................................................................................................................... 42
Section 8.3: Execution Operator (``)
........................................................................................................................... 42
Section 8.4: Incrementing (++) and Decrementing Operators (--)
........................................................................ 42
Section 8.5: Ternary Operator (?:)
............................................................................................................................. 43
Section 8.6: Logical Operators (&&/AND and ||/OR)
.............................................................................................. 44
Section 8.7: String Operators (. and .=)
..................................................................................................................... 44
Section 8.8: Object and Class Operators
.................................................................................................................. 44
Section 8.9: Combined Assignment (+= etc)
............................................................................................................. 46
Section 8.10: Altering operator precedence (with parentheses)
............................................................................ 46
Section 8.11: Basic Assignment (=)
............................................................................................................................. 47
Section 8.12: Association
............................................................................................................................................. 47
Section 8.13: Comparison Operators
......................................................................................................................... 47
Section 8.14: Bitwise Operators
.................................................................................................................................. 49
Section 8.15: instanceof (type operator)
................................................................................................................... 51
Chapter 9: References
............................................................................................................................................. 54
Section 9.1: Assign by Reference
............................................................................................................................... 54
Section 9.2: Return by Reference
.............................................................................................................................. 54
Section 9.3: Pass by Reference
.................................................................................................................................. 55
Chapter 10: Arrays
...................................................................................................................................................... 58
Section 10.1: Initializing an Array
................................................................................................................................ 58
Section 10.2: Check if key exists
................................................................................................................................. 60
Section 10.3: Validating the array type
..................................................................................................................... 61
Section 10.4: Creating an array of variables
............................................................................................................ 61
Section 10.5: Checking if a value exists in array
....................................................................................................... 61
Section 10.6: ArrayAccess and Iterator Interfaces
................................................................................................... 62
Chapter 11: Array iteration
..................................................................................................................................... 66
Section 11.1: Iterating multiple arrays together
......................................................................................................... 66
Section 11.2: Using an incremental index
.................................................................................................................. 67
Section 11.3: Using internal array pointers
................................................................................................................ 67
Section 11.4: Using foreach
......................................................................................................................................... 68
Section 11.5: Using ArrayObject Iterator
.................................................................................................................... 70
Chapter 12: Executing Upon an Array
.............................................................................................................. 71
Section 12.1: Applying a function to each element of an array
.............................................................................. 71
Section 12.2: Split array into chunks
.......................................................................................................................... 72
Section 12.3: Imploding an array into string
............................................................................................................. 73
Section 12.4: "Destructuring" arrays using list()
....................................................................................................... 73
Section 12.5: array_reduce
......................................................................................................................................... 73
Section 12.6: Push a Value on an Array
..................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 13: Manipulating an Array
.................................................................................................................... 76
Section 13.1: Filtering an array
.................................................................................................................................... 76
Section 13.2: Removing elements from an array
..................................................................................................... 77
Section 13.3: Sorting an Array
.................................................................................................................................... 78
Section 13.4: Whitelist only some array keys
............................................................................................................ 83
Section 13.5: Adding element to start of array
......................................................................................................... 83
Section 13.6: Exchange values with keys
................................................................................................................... 84
Section 13.7: Merge two arrays into one array
......................................................................................................... 84
Chapter 14: Processing Multiple Arrays Together
..................................................................................... 86
Section 14.1: Array intersection
................................................................................................................................... 86
Section 14.2: Merge or concatenate arrays
.............................................................................................................. 86
Section 14.3: Changing a multidimensional array to associative array
................................................................ 87
Section 14.4: Combining two arrays (keys from one, values from another)
........................................................ 87
Chapter 15: Datetime Class
................................................................................................................................... 89
Section 15.1: Create Immutable version of DateTime from Mutable prior PHP 5.6
.............................................. 89
Section 15.2: Add or Subtract Date Intervals
............................................................................................................ 89
Section 15.3: getTimestamp
........................................................................................................................................ 89
Section 15.4: setDate
................................................................................................................................................... 90
Section 15.5: Create DateTime from custom format
............................................................................................... 90
Section 15.6: Printing DateTimes
................................................................................................................................ 90
Chapter 16: Working with Dates and Time
.................................................................................................... 92
Section 16.1: Getting the dierence between two dates / times
............................................................................. 92
Section 16.2: Convert a date into another format
.................................................................................................... 92
Section 16.3: Parse English date descriptions into a Date format
.......................................................................... 94
Section 16.4: Using Predefined Constants for Date Format
.................................................................................... 94
Chapter 17: Loops
....................................................................................................................................................... 96
Section 17.1: continue
................................................................................................................................................... 96
Section 17.2: break
....................................................................................................................................................... 97
Section 17.3: foreach
................................................................................................................................................... 98
Section 17.4: do...while
.................................................................................................................................................. 98
Section 17.5: for
............................................................................................................................................................ 99
Section 17.6: while
...................................................................................................................................................... 100
Chapter 18: Functions
............................................................................................................................................. 101
Section 18.1: Variable-length argument lists
........................................................................................................... 101
Section 18.2: Optional Parameters
.......................................................................................................................... 102
Section 18.3: Passing Arguments by Reference
..................................................................................................... 103
Section 18.4: Basic Function Usage
......................................................................................................................... 104
Section 18.5: Function Scope
.................................................................................................................................... 104
Chapter 19: Functional Programming
............................................................................................................ 105
Section 19.1: Closures
................................................................................................................................................. 105
Section 19.2: Assignment to variables
..................................................................................................................... 106
Section 19.3: Objects as a function
.......................................................................................................................... 106
Section 19.4: Using outside variables
...................................................................................................................... 107
Section 19.5: Anonymous function
........................................................................................................................... 107
Section 19.6: Pure functions
...................................................................................................................................... 108
Section 19.7: Common functional methods in PHP
................................................................................................ 108
Section 19.8: Using built-in functions as callbacks
................................................................................................. 109
Section 19.9: Scope
.................................................................................................................................................... 109
Section 19.10: Passing a callback function as a parameter
.................................................................................. 109
Chapter 20: Control Structures
......................................................................................................................... 111
Section 20.1: if else
.................................................................................................................................................... 111
Section 20.2: Alternative syntax for control structures
......................................................................................... 111
Section 20.3: while
..................................................................................................................................................... 111
Section 20.4: do-while
............................................................................................................................................... 112
Section 20.5: goto
..................................................................................................................................................... 112
Section 20.6: declare
................................................................................................................................................. 112
Section 20.7: include & require
................................................................................................................................ 113
Section 20.8: return
................................................................................................................................................... 114
Section 20.9: for
........................................................................................................................................................ 114
Section 20.10: foreach
............................................................................................................................................... 115
Section 20.11: if elseif else
......................................................................................................................................... 115
Section 20.12: if
.......................................................................................................................................................... 116
Section 20.13: switch
.................................................................................................................................................. 116
Chapter 21: Alternative Syntax for Control Structures
......................................................................... 118
Section 21.1: Alternative if/else statement
.............................................................................................................. 118
Section 21.2: Alternative for statement
................................................................................................................... 118
Section 21.3: Alternative while statement
............................................................................................................... 118
Section 21.4: Alternative foreach statement
........................................................................................................... 118
Section 21.5: Alternative switch statement
............................................................................................................. 119
Chapter 22: String Parsing
................................................................................................................................... 120
Section 22.1: Splitting a string by separators
......................................................................................................... 120
Section 22.2: Substring
............................................................................................................................................. 120
Section 22.3: Searching a substring with strpos
.................................................................................................... 122
Section 22.4: Parsing string using regular expressions
......................................................................................... 123
Chapter 23: String formatting
........................................................................................................................... 124
Section 23.1: String interpolation
............................................................................................................................. 124
Section 23.2: Extracting/replacing substrings
....................................................................................................... 125
Chapter 24: Exception Handling and Error Reporting
.......................................................................... 127
Section 24.1: Setting error reporting and where to display them
........................................................................ 127
Section 24.2: Logging fatal errors
........................................................................................................................... 127
Chapter 25: Sending Email
................................................................................................................................... 129
Section 25.1: Sending Email - The basics, more details, and a full example
....................................................... 129
Section 25.2: Sending HTML Email Using mail()
.................................................................................................... 131
Section 25.3: Sending Email With An Attachment Using mail()
............................................................................ 132
Section 25.4: Sending Plain Text Email Using PHPMailer
...................................................................................... 133
Section 25.5: Sending HTML Email Using PHPMailer
............................................................................................ 134
Section 25.6: Sending Email With An Attachment Using PHPMailer
.................................................................... 135
Section 25.7: Sending Plain Text Email Using Sendgrid
........................................................................................ 135
Section 25.8: Sending Email With An Attachment Using Sendgrid
...................................................................... 136
Chapter 26: Sessions
............................................................................................................................................... 137
Section 26.1: session_start() Options
...................................................................................................................... 137
Section 26.2: Session Locking
.................................................................................................................................. 137
Section 26.3: Manipulating session data
................................................................................................................. 138
Section 26.4: Destroy an entire session
.................................................................................................................. 138
Section 26.5: Safe Session Start With no Errors
..................................................................................................... 139
Section 26.6: Session name
...................................................................................................................................... 139
Chapter 27: Cookies
................................................................................................................................................ 141
Section 27.1: Modifying a Cookie
............................................................................................................................. 141
Section 27.2: Setting a Cookie
................................................................................................................................. 141
Section 27.3: Checking if a Cookie is Set
................................................................................................................. 142
Section 27.4: Removing a Cookie
............................................................................................................................ 142
Section 27.5: Retrieving a Cookie
............................................................................................................................ 142
Chapter 28: Classes and Objects
...................................................................................................................... 143
Section 28.1: Class Constants
................................................................................................................................... 143
Section 28.2: Abstract Classes
................................................................................................................................. 145
Section 28.3: Late static binding
.............................................................................................................................. 147
Section 28.4: Namespacing and Autoloading
........................................................................................................ 148
Section 28.5: Method and Property Visibility
.......................................................................................................... 150

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