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Privacy: An Overview of Federal Statutes
Governing Wiretapping and
Electronic Eavesdropping
Gina Stevens
Legislative Attorney
Charles Doyle
Senior Specialist in American Public Law
October 9, 2012
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
98-326
CRS Report for Congress
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress
Overview of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping
Summary
This report provides an overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) and the
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). ECPA consists of three parts. The first, often
referred to as Title III, outlaws wiretapping and electronic eavesdropping, except as otherwise
provided. The second, the Stored Communications Act, governs the privacy of, and government
access to, the content of electronic communications and to related records. The third outlaws the
use and installation of pen registers and of trap and trace devices, unless judicially approved for
law enforcement or intelligence gathering purposes.
FISA consists of seven parts. The first, reminiscent of Title III, authorizes electronic surveillance
in foreign intelligence investigations. The second authorizes physical searches in foreign
intelligence cases. The third permits the use and installation of pen registers and trap and trace
devices in the context of a foreign intelligence investigation. The fourth affords intelligence
officials access to business records and other tangible items. The fifth directs the Attorney
General to report to Congress on the specifics of the exercise of FISA authority. The sixth,
scheduled to expire on December 30, 2012, permits the acquisition of the communications of
targeted overseas individuals and entities. The seventh creates a safe harbor from civil liability for
those who assist or have assisted in the collection of information relating to the activities of
foreign powers and their agents.
This report includes the text of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act and the Foreign
Intelligence Surveillance Act, as well as appendixes listing the citations to state statutes that
correspond to various aspects of ECPA. The report is available in an abridged form without
footnotes, attributions to authority, the text of ECPA or FISA, or appendixes found here as CRS
Report 98-327,
Privacy: An Abbreviated Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and
Electronic Eavesdropping,
by Gina Stevens and Charles Doyle. CRS Report R41733,
Privacy: An
Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act,
by Charles Doyle, replicates portions of
this report. Related CRS reports include CRS Report R42725,
Reauthorization of the FISA
Amendments Act,
by Edward C. Liu, and CRS Report R40138,
Amendments to the Foreign
Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Extended Until June 1, 2015,
by the same author.
Congressional Research Service
Overview of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping
Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1
Background...................................................................................................................................... 1
Title III: Prohibitions ....................................................................................................................... 6
Illegal Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping ................................................................... 7
Person.................................................................................................................................. 7
Intentional ........................................................................................................................... 7
Jurisdiction .......................................................................................................................... 8
Interception ......................................................................................................................... 9
Content .............................................................................................................................. 10
By Electronic, Mechanical, or Other Device .................................................................... 10
Wire, Oral, or Electronic Communications....................................................................... 12
Endeavoring to Intercept ................................................................................................... 13
Exemptions: Consent Interceptions................................................................................... 13
Exemptions: Publicly Accessible Radio Communications ............................................... 14
Exemptions: Government Officials................................................................................... 15
Exemptions: Communication Service Providers............................................................... 16
Domestic Exemptions ....................................................................................................... 16
Illegal Disclosure of Information Obtained by Wiretapping or Electronic
Eavesdropping...................................................................................................................... 17
Illegal Use of Information Obtained by Unlawful Wiretapping or Electronic
Eavesdropping...................................................................................................................... 20
Shipping, Manufacturing, Distributing, Possessing or Advertising Wire, Oral, or
Electronic Communication Interception Devices................................................................. 21
Title III: Government Access......................................................................................................... 23
Law Enforcement Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping............................................... 23
Title III: Consequences of a Violation ........................................................................................... 29
Criminal Penalties ............................................................................................................. 29
Civil Liability .................................................................................................................... 30
Civil Liability of the United States.................................................................................... 32
Administrative Action ....................................................................................................... 32
Attorney Discipline ........................................................................................................... 32
Exclusion of Evidence....................................................................................................... 33
Stored Communications Act (SCA)............................................................................................... 35
SCA: Prohibitions.................................................................................................................... 35
SCA: Government Access ....................................................................................................... 40
SCA: Consequences ................................................................................................................ 45
Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices (PR/T&T) .................................................................. 46
PR/T&T: Prohibitions.............................................................................................................. 46
PR/T&T: Government Access ................................................................................................. 47
PRT&T: Consequences............................................................................................................ 48
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act............................................................................................ 50
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 50
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.................................................................................. 50
FISA Electronic Surveillance and Physical Search Orders ..................................................... 51
Congressional Research Service
Overview of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping
Government Access........................................................................................................... 51
Exclusivity......................................................................................................................... 55
Prohibitions and Consequences......................................................................................... 56
Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices.............................................................................. 60
Government Access........................................................................................................... 60
Prohibition and Consequences .......................................................................................... 60
Tangible Items ......................................................................................................................... 61
Overseas FISA Targets (Expires December 30, 2012) ............................................................ 62
FISA Reporting Requirements................................................................................................. 67
Electronic Communications Privacy Act (Text) ............................................................................ 67
Chapter 119 (“Title III”) .......................................................................................................... 67
18 U.S.C. 2510. Definitions. ............................................................................................. 67
18 U.S.C. 2511. Interception and disclosure of wire, oral, or electronic
communications prohibited............................................................................................ 69
18 U.S.C. 2512. Manufacture, distribution, possession, and advertising of wire,
oral, or electronic communication intercepting devices prohibited. .............................. 73
18 U.S.C. 2513. Confiscation of wire, oral, or electronic communication
interception devices........................................................................................................ 73
18 U.S.C. 2515. Prohibition of use as evidence of intercepted wire or oral
communications. ............................................................................................................ 74
18 U.S.C. 2516. Authorization for interception of wire, oral, or electronic
communications. ............................................................................................................ 74
18 U.S.C. 2517. Authorization for disclosure and use of intercepted wire, oral, or
electronic communications............................................................................................. 76
18 U.S.C. 2518. Procedure for interception of wire, oral, or electronic
communications. ............................................................................................................ 77
18 U.S.C. 2519. Reports concerning intercepted wire, oral, or electronic
communications. ............................................................................................................ 81
18 U.S.C. 2520. Recovery of civil damages authorized.................................................... 82
18 U.S.C. 2521. Injunction against illegal interception. ................................................... 83
18 U.S.C. 2522. Enforcement of the Communications Assistance for Law
Enforcement Act. ........................................................................................................... 83
Chapter 121 (“Stored Communications Act”) ......................................................................... 84
18 U.S.C. 2701. Unlawful access to stored communications............................................ 84
18 U.S.C. 2702. Voluntary disclosure of customer communications or records. .............. 84
18 U.S.C. 2703. Required disclosure of customer communications or records................ 86
18 U.S.C. 2704. Backup preservation. .............................................................................. 87
18 U.S.C. 2705. Delayed notice. ....................................................................................... 88
18 U.S.C. 2706. Cost reimbursement................................................................................ 89
18 U.S.C. 2707. Civil action. ............................................................................................ 90
18 U.S.C. 2708. Exclusivity of remedies. ......................................................................... 91
18 U.S.C. 2709. Counterintelligence access to telephone toll and
transactional records....................................................................................................... 91
18 U.S.C. 2711. Definitions for chapter. ........................................................................... 92
18 U.S.C. 2712. Civil Action against the United States. ................................................... 92
Chapter 206 (“Pen Register & Trap and Trace Devices”) ....................................................... 93
18 U.S.C. 3121. General prohibition on pen register and tape and trace device
use; exception................................................................................................................. 93
18 U.S.C. 3122. Application for an order for a pen register or a trap and
trace device. ................................................................................................................... 94
Congressional Research Service
Overview of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping
18 U.S.C. 3123. Issuance of an order for a pen register or a trap and trace device........... 94
18 U.S.C. 3124. Assistance in installation and use of a pen register or a trap and
trace device. ................................................................................................................... 95
18 U.S.C. 3125. Emergency pen register and trap and trace device installation............... 96
18 U.S.C. 3126. Reports concerning pen registers and trap and trace devices. ................ 97
18 U.S.C. 3127. Definitions for chapter............................................................................ 97
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (Text)................................................................................. 98
Subchapter I (Electronic Surveillance).................................................................................... 98
50 U.S.C. 1801. Definitions. ............................................................................................. 98
50 U.S.C. 1802. Electronic surveillance authorization without court order;
certification by Attorney General; reports to Congressional committees;
transmittal under seal; duties and compensation of communication common
carrier; applications; jurisdiction of court. ................................................................... 101
50 U.S.C. 1803. Designation of judges. .......................................................................... 102
50 U.S.C. 1804. Applications for court orders. ............................................................... 103
50 U.S.C. 1805. Issuance of order................................................................................... 105
50 U.S.C. 1806. Use of information................................................................................ 108
50 U.S.C. 1807. Report to Administrative Office of the United States Courts and
to Congress................................................................................................................... 110
50 U.S.C. 1808. Report of Attorney General to Congressional committees;
limitation on authority or responsibility of information gather activities of
Congressional committees; report of Congressional committees to Congress. ........... 111
50 U.S.C. 1809. Criminal sanctions. ............................................................................... 111
50 U.S.C. 1810. Civil Liability........................................................................................ 112
50 U.S.C. 1811. Authorization during time of war.......................................................... 112
50 U.S.C. 1812. Statement of Exclusive Means by Which Electronic Surveillance
and Interception of Certain Communications May Be Conducted. ............................. 112
Subchapter II (Physical Searches) ......................................................................................... 112
50 U.S.C. 1821. Definitions ............................................................................................ 112
50 U.S.C. 1822. Authorization of physical searches for foreign
intelligence purposes.................................................................................................... 113
50 U.S.C. 1823. Application for an order........................................................................ 114
50 U.S.C. 1824. Issuance of an order. ............................................................................. 116
50 U.S.C. 1825. Use of information................................................................................ 118
50 U.S.C. 1826. Congressional oversight. ...................................................................... 120
50 U.S.C. 1827. Penalties................................................................................................ 120
50 U.S.C. 1828. Civil Liability........................................................................................ 121
50 U.S.C. 1829. Authorization during time of war.......................................................... 121
Subchapter III (Pen Registers & Trap and Trace Devices).................................................... 121
50 U.S.C. 1841. Definitions. ........................................................................................... 121
50 U.S.C. 1842. Pen registers and trap and trace devices for foreign intelligence
and international terrorism investigations. ................................................................... 121
50 U.S.C. 1843. Authorization during emergencies........................................................ 123
50 U.S.C. 1844. Authorization during time of war.......................................................... 124
50 U.S.C. 1845. Use of information................................................................................ 124
50 U.S.C. 1846. Congressional oversight. ...................................................................... 126
Subchapter IV (Business Records/Tangible Items) ............................................................... 126
50 U.S.C. 1861. Access to Certain Business Records for Foreign Intelligence and
International Terrorism Investigations. ........................................................................ 126
50 U.S.C. 1862. Congressional oversight. ...................................................................... 130
Congressional Research Service

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