Ibm Linux Tutorials - Lpi Certification 101 (Release 2) Exam Prep, Part 4 - L-Lpir24-a4(1).pdf

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LPI certification 101 (release 2) exam
prep, Part 4
Presented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials
ibm.com/developerWorks
Table of Contents
If you're viewing this document online, you can click any of the topics below to link directly to that section.
1. Before you start.........................................................
2. Filesystems, partitions, and block devices
.........................
3. Booting the system.....................................................
4. Runlevels
................................................................
5. Filesystem quotas
......................................................
6. System logs
.............................................................
7. Summary and resources
..............................................
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LPI certification 101 (release 2) exam prep, Part 4
Page 1 of 40
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Presented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials
Section 1. Before you start
About this tutorial
Welcome to "Advanced administration," the last of four tutorials designed to prepare you for
the Linux Professional Institute's 101 (release 2) exam. In this tutorial (Part 4), we'll bolster
your knowledge of advanced Linux administration skills by covering a variety of topics
including Linux filesystems, the Linux boot process, runlevels, filesystem quotas, and system
logs.
This tutorial is particularly appropriate for someone who may be serving as the primary
sysadmin for the first time, since we cover a lot of low-level issues that all system
administrators should know. If you are new to Linux, we recommend that you start with
Part 1
and work through the series from there. For some, much of this material will be new, but
more experienced Linux users may find this tutorial to be a great way of "rounding out" their
foundational Linux system administration skills and preparing for the next LPI certification
level.
By the end of this
series
of tutorials (eight in all covering the LPI 101 and 102 exams), you
will have the knowledge you need to become a Linux Systems Administrator and will be
ready to attain an LPIC Level 1 certification from the Linux Professional Institute if you so
choose.
For those who have taken the
release 1 version
of this tutorial for reasons other than LPI
exam preparation, you probably don't need to take this one. However, if you do plan to take
the exams, you should strongly consider reading this revised tutorial.
The LPI logo is a trademark of Linux Professional Institute.
About the authors
For technical questions about the content of this tutorial, contact the authors:
•
Daniel Robbins, at
drobbins@gentoo.org
•
Chris Houser, at
chouser@gentoo.org
•
Aron Griffis, at
agriffis@gentoo.org
Daniel Robbins
lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and is the Chief Architect of
Gentoo
Technologies, Inc.,
the creator of
Gentoo Linux,
an advanced Linux for the PC, and the
Portage
system, a next-generation ports system for Linux. He has also served as a
contributing author for the Macmillan books
Caldera OpenLinux Unleashed, SuSE Linux
Unleashed,
and
Samba Unleashed.
Daniel has been involved with computers in some
fashion since the second grade, when he was first exposed to the Logo programming
language as well as a potentially dangerous dose of Pac Man. This probably explains why he
has since served as a Lead Graphic Artist at SONY Electronic Publishing/Psygnosis. Daniel
enjoys spending time with his wife, Mary, and their daughter, Hadassah.
Chris Houser,
known to his friends as "Chouser," has been a UNIX proponent since 1994
when joined the administration team for the computer science network at Taylor University in
Indiana, where he earned his Bachelor's degree in Computer Science and Mathematics.
Page 2 of 40
LPI certification 101 (release 2) exam prep, Part 4
Presented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials
ibm.com/developerWorks
Since then, he has gone on to work in Web application programming, user interface design,
professional video software support, and now Tru64 UNIX device driver programming at
Compaq.
He has also contributed to various free software projects, most recently to
Gentoo
Linux.
He lives with his wife and two cats in New Hampshire.
Aron Griffis
graduated from Taylor University with a degree in Computer Science and an
award that proclaimed him the "Future Founder of a Utopian UNIX Commune". Working
towards that goal, Aron is employed by
Compaq
writing network drivers for Tru64 UNIX, and
spending his spare time plunking out tunes on the piano or developing
Gentoo Linux.
He
lives with his wife Amy (also a UNIX engineer) in Nashua, NH.
LPI certification 101 (release 2) exam prep, Part 4
Page 3 of 40
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Presented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials
Section 2. Filesystems, partitions, and block devices
Introduction to block devices
In this section, we'll take a good look at disk-oriented aspects of Linux, including Linux
filesystems, partitions, and block devices. Once you're familar with the ins and outs of disks
and filesystems, we'll guide you through the process of setting up partitions and filesystems
on Linux.
To begin, I'll introduce "block devices." The most famous block device is probably the one
that represents the first IDE drive in a Linux system:
/dev/hda
If your system uses SCSI drives, then your first hard drive will be:
/dev/sda
Layers of abstraction
The block devices above represent an
abstract
interface to the disk. User programs can use
these block devices to interact with your disk without worrying about whether your drivers are
IDE, SCSI, or something else. The program can simply address the storage on the disk as a
bunch of contiguous, randomly-accessible 512-byte blocks.
Partitions
Under Linux, we create filesystems by using a special command called
mkfs
(or
mke2fs,
mkreiserfs,
etc.), specifying a particular block device as a command-line argument.
However, although it is theoretically possible to use a "whole disk" block device (one that
represents the entire disk) like /dev/hda or /dev/sda to house a single filesystem, this is
almost never done in practice. Instead, full disk block devices are split up into smaller, more
manageable block devices called
partititons.
Partitions are created using a tool called
fdisk,
which is used to create and edit the partition table that's stored on each disk. The partition
table defines exactly how to split up the full disk.
Introducing fdisk
We can take a look at a disk's partition table by running
fdisk,
specifying a block device
that represents a full disk as an argument.
Note: Alternate interfaces to the disk's partition table include
cfdisk, parted,
and
partimage.
I recommend that you avoid using cfdisk (despite what the fdisk manual page
may say) because it sometimes calculates disk geometry incorrectly.
Page 4 of 40
LPI certification 101 (release 2) exam prep, Part 4

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