Artificial Intelligence Strategies, Applications, and Models Through Search 2d ed - Christopher Thornton.pdf

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Artificial Intelligence
Strategies, Applications, and Models Through Search Second Edition
CHRISTOPHER THORNTON
BENEDICT du BOULAY
AMACOM
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Brussels · Mexico City · Tokyo · Toronto
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© 1998 Intellect
ISBN: 0-8144-0470-7
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America.
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New York, New York 10019
Visit the American Management Association and
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http://www.amanet.org
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Foreword
This book started out as a set of notes for a POP-11 based course at the University of Sussex on an
introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Chris Thornton designed this course around the fundamental idea
of search and devised the basic structure of the book. The course expanded to take in Prolog and was
then taught by Benedict du Boulay. He added Prolog variants to the POP-11 code. The course is now
taught by Steve Easterbrook who made several helpful comments on a draft of the book, as did Mike
Sharples. We thank Aaron Sloman and David Hogg for use of their method of writing a simple natural
language interface to a blocksworld, and Allan Ramsay and Rosalind Barrett for permission to adapt
their "weather rules" in the chapter on expert systems. We also thank various Sussex students who
pointed out errors and omissions, particularly Sarah Cole, who carefully proof-read parts of an earlier
draft. The programs were developed and the book written using the POPLOG programming
environment.
Benedict du Boulay would like to dedicate his contribution to this book to his friend Hugh Noble with
whom he started to write a text book not unlike this one but never finished it.
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Contents
1 Search-Related Techniques in AI
Why search
Objectives
Problem solving systems
State space search and problem reduction
Blind search and heuristic search
Graphs and trees
Organisation of the book
Searching for a solution path in a state space
Problem reduction
A very brief comparison of POP-11 and Prolog
Further reading
2 Simple State Space Search
Path-finding
Setting up the database
Setting up the path-finding function
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The generality of search
Search spaces and search trees
Constructing an explicit representation of the search-tree
Search graphs
Node terminology
Backwards v. forwards searching
OR-tree search in Prolog
Reading
Exercises
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3 State Space Search
Introduction
The water jugs problem
Constructing successor nodes
The problem space
Searching for a solution path
Problem space exploration strategies
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