NASA-TT-F-494 Helicopters - Calculation and Design - Vol 1 Aerodynamics.pdf

(27947 KB) Pobierz
Y
NASA
TT
F-494
v.1
C.1
c
­
.
NASA TECHNICAL
TRANSLATION
d
N
--
A S A
TT
F-494
c ,
/
HELICOPTERS
CALCULATION
AND
DESIGN
Volume
I.
Aerodynamics
by
M . L, Mil’
et
al.
‘Mashinostroyeniye”
Publishing
Hoase
Moscow,
1966
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D.
C.
0
SEPTEMBER
1967
NASA
TT
F-494
HELICOPTERS
CALCULATION AND DESIGN
Vol.
I.
A e r o d y n a m i c s
By M.
L.
Mil', A. V. Ne k ra sov, A.
S.
B r a v e r m a n ,
L.
N. Grodko, and M. A. Leykand
T r a n s l a t i o n
of
"Vertolety
.
R a s c h e t
i
proy ekt i r ova niy e. 1. Aerodinamika."
Izdatel'stvo Ma shi nost r oye niy e, Moscow, 1966.
NATIONAL AERONAUT ICs AND SPACE ADMlN ISTRAT ION
.
~-
~
~.
-
For sale
by
the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information
Springfield, Virginia
22151
-
CFSTI
price
$3.00
4
e
?
ANNOTATION
I
The work ffHelicopters ( C a l c u l a t i o n and Design)"
i s
published i n
three
volumes.
V01.1
Aerodynamics;
Vol.11
Vibrations and Dynamic Strength;
Vol.111
Design.
f
-
-
-
The
first
volume
i s
devoted t o ways of developing h e l i c o p t e r s , t h e b a s i c
p r i n c i p l e s of t h e i r design, and t h e p o s i t i o n occupied by h e l i c o p t e r s among o t h e r
means of a v i a t i o n not
requiring
a i r f i e l d s . Various t h e o r i e s of r o t o r s and cor­
responding methods of determining t h e i r aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
are
pre­
sented: t h e c l a s s i c a l theory of
a
r o t o r w i t h hinged blades i n t h e g e n e r a l case
of
c u r v i l i n e a r f l i g h t of t h e h e l i c o p t e r ; t h e momentum theory of an i d e a l r o t o r
and
i t s
a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e energy method of c a l c u l a t i o n ; t h e c l a s s i c a l theory
when using methods of numerical quadrature; t h e v o r t e x theory and methods of
experimental determination of r o t o r performance i n f l i g h t t e s t s and i n wind
tunnels. Various methods of aerodynamic c a l c u l a t i o n of
a
h e l i c o p t e r and t h e
theory of blade f l u t t e r a r e presented i n d e t a i l .
T h i s
volume gives an account
of methods of c a l c u l a t i n g f l u t t e r i n hovering and i n forward f l i g h t . P a r t i c u l a r
a t t e n t i o n
i s
devoted t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n of f r i c t i o n i n t h e
axial
hinges of t h e hub
and t o t h e t r a n s f e r
of
blade v i b r a t i o n s through t h e automatic p i t c h c o n t r o l
mechanism. Experimental i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of f l u t t e r a r e described.
The book
i s
intended f o r engineers of design o f f i c e s , s c i e n t i f i c workers,
graduate students, and t e a c h e r s of higher i n s t i t u t e s of l e a r n i n g .
It
might be
u s e f u l t o engineers
of
h e l i c o p t e r manufacturers and t o s t u d e n t s f o r f u r t h e r i n g
t h e i r knowledge of t h e aerodynamics and mechanical s t r e n g t h of h e l i c o p t e r s .
Maqy
s e c t i o n s of t h e book
w i l l
be
a
u s e f u l t o o l a l s o t o f l i g h t and t e c h n i c a l
s t a f f s of h e l i c o p t e r f l i g h t
units.
Numbers i n t h e margin i n d i c a t e pagination i n t h e o r i g i n a l f o r e i g n
text.
ii
PREFACE
L2
The p r e s e n t book generalizes t h e experience of t h e s c i e n t i f i c work and
p r a c t i c a l design a c t i v i t y of engineers of one of t h e Soviet
teams
working on t h e
development of helicopters.
Twenty years ago, when t h e
team
had j u s t
set
out on t h e i r work, everything
i n
this
f i e l d seemed t o have been already long discovered and invented.
Those t o whom belongs c r e d i t f o r t h e o r i g i n a l i d e a s and designs of rotary-
wing a i r c r a f t
Leonard0 da Vinci, M.V.Lomonosov,
N.Ye
.Zhukovskiy (Joukowski),
had long ago proposed
almost
a l l
of t h e e x i s t i n g de­
B.N.Yurtyev, and o t h e r s
s i g n s of helicopters. Designers, s c i e n t i s t s , and inventors i n
various
countries
b u i l t
dozens of h e l i c o p t e r models which successfully r o s e i n t o t h e
air.
However,
not one of t h e s e r o t o c r a f t
was
suitable f o r p r a c t i c a l
use,
large-scale produc­
t i o n ,
o r
r e g u l a r service.
-
-
A
very d i f f i c u l t problem t h a t required considerable and tedious work
re­
mained unsolved, namely, t h e problem of developing h e l i c o p t e r s which would find
p r a c t i c a l use i n everyday l i f e .
To
solve
this
problem
we
had
a t
our
d i s p o s a l a n important s c i e n t i f i c
basis
i n t h e form of c l a s s i c a l works, t h e s t u d i e s of t h e Central Aero-Qdrodynamic
I n s t i t u t e (TsAGI), and of f o r e i g n s c i e n t i s t s . However, t e s t i n g of each new
air­
c r a f t confronted design engineers w i t h new acute problems and forced them t o
work out many t h e o r e t i c a l problems t o f i n d t h e proper method of
solving
s p e c i f i c
design problems.
This
volume discusses t h e b a s i c problems of t h e theory, calculation, and
design of h e l i c o p t e r s worked out by t h e team and representing t h e v i t a l i n t e r e s t s
of
i t s
design a c t i v i t y .
The f a c t t h a t some of t h e authors had occasion t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n applying
t h e c l a s s i c a l r o t o r theory t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n and design of t h e
f i r s t
autogiros,
i n t h e o r i g i n a l experimental work on models and on f u l l - s c a l e r o t o r s i n wind
tunnels, i n developing methods of aerodynamic c a l c u l a t i o n of helicopters, and
f o r
more t h a n
P
y e a r s
j
i n designing a n e n t i r e family of h e l i c o p t e r s of
then
t h e
same
configuration i n
a l l
weight classes, o f f e r s an opportunity t o e l u c i d a t e
t h e b a s i c problems of t h e theory and c a l c u l a t i o n of h e l i c o p t e r s t h a t have b e e n h
checked out by p r a c t i c e .
-
-
A s
e a r l y
as
1948
t h e r e
was
not
a
s i n g l e h e l i c o p t e r i n s e r v i c e i n
our
country. Now thousands of such machines created
by
various design
teams
assist
people i n many
areas
of t h e i r l i f e and a c t i v i t y .
Engineers and designers working on t h e design
o r
construction of heli­
copters, p i l o t s and technicians, students of
a i r
academies who
are
studying
o r
are
i n t e r e s t e d i n h e l i c o p t e r s
will
find
u s e f u l information
i n
this
book.
iii
Engineering, e s p e c i a l l y a i r c r a f t engineering,
i s
r a p i d l y becoming obsolete.
However,
it
i s
hoped t h a t t h e general methods of approach t o t h e development of
a
new
type of a i r c r a f t ,
as
presented i n
this
book,
W i l l
o u t l i v e todayts heli­
copter models.
M
. M i l t
1L
Chapter
I
of
Vol.1,
Sections
1
and
2
of Chapter
1 ,
and Section
2
of Chap­
1
t e r
I11
w e r e
w r i t t e n
by
M.L.Milt;
Chapter
IV
and Section
5
of Chapter
I1
were
w r i t t e n by A.V.Nekrasov; t h e remaining Sections of Chapters
I1
and
I 1
and a l s o
1
Subsections
19-28 of
Section
2
of Chapter
I1
w e r e
w r i t t e n by A.S.Braverman.
I n
preparing t h e manuscript, t h e authors
were
a s s i s t e d by engineers F.L.
Zarzhevskaya,
R.
L.Kreyer,
and L.G.Rudnitskiy.
R e v i e w e r
R.A.Mikheyev made
many
valuable coments.
The authors
express
t h e i r s i n c e r e g r a t i t u d e t o t h e s e coworkers.
iv
I

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika:

Zgłoś jeśli naruszono regulamin